The vision for development of Koolaupoko described in the preceding chapter will be implemented through application of the following land use general policies, principles, and guidelines.

Open space preservation is a key element of the vision for Koolaupoko’s future. Long-term protection and preservation of scenic resources, agricultural areas, natural areas, and recreational areas are important to maintaining the character and attractiveness of Koolaupoko for both residents and visitors.

Open space will be used to:

§ Protect scenic beauty and scenic views and provide recreation;
§ Promote access to shoreline and mountain areas;
§ Define the boundaries of communities;
§ Prevent urban sprawl;
§ Provide buffers between agricultural uses and residential neighborhoods;
§ Create a system of linear greenways along roadways and drainage channels; and
§ Prevent development in areas susceptible to landslides and similar hazards

The general policies listed above provide the basis for the following planning principles:

§ Provide Passive and Active Open Spaces. The open space system should consist of areas in both active and passive uses. Active areas include community-based parks, golf courses, cemeteries and intensive agricultural uses. Passive areas include lands in the State Conservation District, drainage and utility corridors, nature parks, preserves and wetlands, and agricultural lands such as pastures, aquaculture ponds and fallow fields. Beach parks, which may be either active or passive, depending on the extent to which the landscape has been modified by grading and construction of facilities and the intensity of public use, are also part of the open space system.

§ Promote Accessibility of Recreational Open Space. Public parks and most golf courses will be accessible for public recreational use, but the open space system should also promote the accessibility of shoreline and mountain areas (as required by City ordinance and State law). Access to mountain trails and shoreline areas should be readily available. Provision of such access should also address the need for parking and emergency vehicle access.

§ Enhance the Visual and Physical Definition of Urban Areas. Koolaupoko’s residential communities are physically defined by topographic features; major waterbodies, including wetlands; and agricultural areas. Other forms of open space and landscaping, however, should be used to visually enhance the separation between communities, particularly where topographic features are less pronounced.

§ Dual Use of Roadway and Drainage Corridors. Roadways should be attractively landscaped to serve as linear open space features and create a more inviting environment for walking, jogging and biking. Where physical modification of natural drainageways is necessary to provide adequate flood protection, such modifications should be designed and constructed to maintain habitat and aesthetic values, and to avoid degradation of stream, coastline and nearshore water quality.

The following provides a brief description of regional open space resources in Koolaupoko, followed by guidelines for carrying out the general policies and planning principles related to each open space element.

Mountainous regions in Koolaupoko are in the State Conservation District and thus the State Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) oversees uses in these areas. Limited public access to upper reaches of valleys and mountain areas is presently available via the hiking trails described below as well as those shown in Figure 3-1.

§ Koolaupoko Trail Complex. This is a proposed 15-mile system of interconnected trails, most segments of which are already open, including the Likeke Trail and Maunawili Falls trails. This trail complex features opportunities for hiking, hunting, nature study, bird watching and photography. Horseback riding is possible in some sections, as is mountainbiking. Points of interest along the route include Maunawili Falls, the Maunawili Ditch irrigation flumes, and numerous archaeological sites, including taro lo‘i and heiau. The area’s rich history adds to the interpretive potential of the trails.

§ Waikane Trail. This trail begins in Waikane Valley and extends to the crest of the Koolau Mountain Range, where it intersects with the Koolau Ridge Trail Complex. The trailhead is within the site of Waikane Nature Preserve, which presents an excellent opportunity for related interpretive and educational programs and improved facilities for hikers.

§ Kaiwa Trail. This trail, following the crest of Kaiwa Ridge from Lanikai to Kalanianaole Highway, is in a relatively urban setting. It is a good vantage point for striking panoramic views of the adjacent Bellows Air Force Base and suburban communities backdropped by natural features such as Kailua Bay, Waimanalo Bay, the Koolau Mountain Range and Mount Olomana.

The State’s Na Ala Hele Program manages and maintains public trails. Of the trails mentioned above, only the Kaiwa Trail and portions of the Koolaupoko Trail Complex (see Figure 3-1) are Na Ala Hele Program trails. Na Ala Hele trails that are part of the Koolaupoko Trail Complex are the:

§ Maunawili-Waimanalo Access Road
§ Maunawili Trail
§ Maunawili Ditch Trail
§ Maunawili Falls Trail
§ Maunawili Falls Connector Trail

Other trails may be privately owned and/or managed. Issues regarding ownership, safety and liability must be further addressed before official access to trails can be assured.

Planning and development of public access to mountain areas should incorporate provisions for adequate parking and means for minimizing and addressing complaints from neighbors near trailheads.

Because the mountains and coastal headlands are prominently visible from long distances and are a fundamental element of the regional identity, as described in Section 2.2.3, their visual integrity should be preserved by avoiding encroachment of land disturbances and structures on upper slopes and ridgelines.

Moreover, to protect important resource values in the State Conservation District, steps need to be taken to control the number and range of feral animals and other alien species and prevent overuse and misuse by humans in selected areas, such as habitats of native and endangered species.

View of Kaneohe from Haiku Stairs trail, looking across the bay toward Mokapu Peninsula.

Figure 3-1
Public Parks and Recreation Areas in Koolaupoko

Guidelines pertaining to mountain areas are as follows:

§ Improve access to mountain areas and enhance the physical condition and recreational and educational value of Koolaupoko’s hiking trails by fully implementing the recommendations in the State of Hawaii’s Na Ala Hele Program Plan.   (See footnote 1)  Access improvements should be accompanied by funding for management of associated problems through increased trail maintenance, weed control, eradication of non-native predators, etc.

§ Acquire the former U.S. Coast Guard Omega Station site, including Haiku Stairs, and combine this parcel with the adjoining Board of Water Supply parcel for the proposed Haiku Valley Cultural and Nature Preserve. In addition to its recreational, cultural and educational purposes, this park will help protect the Heeia watershed, which includes a high-quality perennial stream, a significant wetland habitat for native endangered Hawaiian waterbirds, migratory waterfowl and shorebirds. The park also will help protect an ancient Hawaiian fishpond.

§ Improve the sites that have been acquired for Waihee Valley Nature Park and Waikane Nature Preserve.

§ Promote the preservation of remaining undeveloped lands at the foot of the Koolau Mountain Range through protective regulatory measures, tax incentives for the establishment of conservation easements and management programs on private properties, and public acquisition of fee simple or partial interest, where necessary to create the Koolau scenic resource area or “green belt” from Waimanalo to Kualoa. (See Section 3.1.3.3, Koolau Greenbelt.)

§ Structures should be located at higher elevations of slopes only for purposes of public safety or compelling public interest and be granted a conditional use permit only after a view impact analysis has determined that the specific site and design of the structure has incorporated every available means to avoid visibility within the viewplanes identified in Figure 2-4; and that unavoidable impacts have been suitably mitigated by creative design and other means; and that the public agency or utility has demonstrated there is no feasible alternative to fulfill the public need. Maintain, protect, and/or restore native forests in the State Conservation District, especially by identifying and protecting endangered species habitats and other sensitive ecological zones from threats such as fire, alien species, feral animals, and human activity and disturbance.

Koolaupoko’s shoreline characteristics are quite varied, from the rocky headlands of Makapuu at the south end of the district, to wide sandy beaches fronting Waimanalo Bay and Kailua Bay, to mud flats along Kaneohe Bay. The shoreline provides residents and visitors with significant active and passive recreational value. Thus, public access, both mauka-makai and lateral, should be maintained and improved. In addition, Koolaupoko’s shoreline areas offer spectacular scenery. As such, views from public roads to the shoreline should be maintained or created. Particular segments of the shoreline are discussed below.

§ Kualoa Point to Molii Fishpond. Kualoa Regional Park provides access to the shoreline, coastal waters and Mokolii Island (“Chinaman’s Hat”). Severe, long-term erosion of the ocean-fronting shoreline of the park has damaged park landscaping and structures. Littoral drift has deposited sand from this beach to the shoreline fronting Molii Fishpond.

§ Kaneohe Bay, from Molii Fishpond to Ke Alohi Point (Heeia State Park). The narrow but stable beach is comprised of silty sand. There are relatively few structures in the shoreline area. Physical and visual access to the shoreline from Kamehameha Highway was improved significantly with the expansion and clearing of Waiahole Beach Park in the early 1990’s. Intermittent views of the shoreline are available along the stretch of Kamehameha Highway between Kahaluu Fishpond and Heeia Landing. Heeia State Park, Laenani Beach Park and Kahaluu Beach Park provide physical access to the shoreline and vantage points for views of Kaneohe Bay. The expansion of Kahaluu Regional Park to include the beach park area on the makai side of Kamehameha Highway is intended to provide viewplane enhancement from the highway. Kapapa Island, the central barrier reef and “sand bar” (Ahu o Laka) in this section of Kaneohe Bay is an attraction for recreational and commercial boating. Heeia Kea Harbor provides public boating launching ramps and mooring spaces. Other launching ramps are available for small craft at Laenani Beach Park and Kahaluu Beach Park.

§ Kaneohe Bay, from Heeia Fishpond to Nuupia Pond. Similar to the northern end of Kaneohe Bay, most of the shoreline in this section is stable. Vertical retaining walls have been constructed along many of the properties to support docks or to prevent soil banks from slumping into the water, but there are no chronic or significant patterns of erosion or accretion. Physical and visual access to the shoreline is very limited due to residential and other private urban or marina development along almost the entire length. Public access is available at the small Kaneohe Beach Park, where parking and facilities are very limited. There are five pedestrian rights-of-way to the shoreline at other points, but none of these have off-street parking.

§ Mokapu Peninsula. Sandy beach dunes facing the ocean are situated between large remnants of volcanic craters. On one side of Nuupia Ponds, at the neck of the peninsula, is a narrow, sandy beach facing Kailua Bay, and on the other side is a siltier beach fronting Kaneohe Bay. Except at certain times for special events, the general public is denied physical access to the peninsula, which is under military jurisdiction.

§ Kailua Bay, from Kapoho Point to Alala Point. Kailua Beach is wide and sandy, but dynamic and subject to significant erosion and accretion cycles. It is famed for its high quality as a recreation area. Kailua Bay is attractive for a variety of ocean recreation activities, notably swimming, body surfing, windsurfing, kayaking and canoe racing. Public access to the beach and coastal waters is provided primarily at Kailua Beach Park, on either side of the Kaelepulu Stream outlet, and at the smaller Kalama Beach Park. At both locations, vehicular parking spaces are in great demand on weekends and holidays. There are five public rights-of-way for pedestrians at dispersed points along Kalaheo Avenue, the street that runs parallel to the beach, but no off-street parking, public rest rooms or showers are available at these locations. Visual access to the shoreline from the adjacent street is available only at Alala Point and the Kaelepulu Stream crossing.

§ Kailua Bay, from Alala Point to Wailea Point (Lanikai). Severe erosion is occurring at either end of Lanikai Beach, where adjacent residential property owners have built seawalls and revetments along most of the shoreline. The remaining sandy beach in the central portion is popular for recreation. Public access for pedestrians is provided at eleven points along the parallel public street, Mokulua Drive, but no off-street vehicular parking, public rest rooms or showers are available for beachgoers. Visual access to the shoreline from the street is very limited.

§ Waimanalo Bay, from Wailea Point to Makapuu Point. Wide sandy beaches front almost the entire length of Waimanalo Bay. There is a narrower beach and emerging reef rock in the vicinity of Pahonu Pond in the midsection of the Bay shoreline. While Kalanianaole Highway is relatively distant from the shoreline at the northern portion of the beach, physical access is readily available during peak recreation periods at Bellows Air Force Station and Waimanalo Bay State Recreation Area. In the beachfront residential area of Waimanalo, there are three pedestrian rights-of-way to the shoreline along Laumilo Street. Further south, at Waimanalo Beach Park and Kaiona Beach Park, the highway is close enough to the shoreline to afford both visual and physical access. In the southernmost stretch, along Kaupo Beach Park and Makapuu Beach Park, visual and physical access to the shoreline is virtually unimpeded. The highway offers dramatic vistas of coastal headlands and cliffs, ocean waters and offshore islands, and a direct link to the proposed 354-acre scenic shoreline area extending from Makapuu Point to Koko Head in East Honolulu.

Guidelines pertaining to shoreline areas are listed below:

§ Maintain existing makai view channels along Kalanianaole Highway between Makapuu Point and Waimanalo Beach Park; along Kawailoa Road and North Kalaheo Avenue in Kailua; along Lilipuna Road in Kaneohe; and along Kamehameha Highway north of Kaneohe. Avoid visual obstructions, such as walls and dense landscaping.

§ Create and maintain new makai view channels along Kamehameha Highway and Kahekili Highway north of Kaneohe through selective clearing of dense vegetation and the removal of structures. Such view channels should be created by public acquisition of shoreline properties along the highway or by obtaining easements and maintenance agreements with private landowners. Priority should be given to the areas where clearing would open up vistas of perennial streams, wetlands, fishponds and offshore islands.

§ Place high priority on maintaining the untamed landscape quality of the Makapuu viewshed. Any modification to this shoreline area should be done in a manner that continues the landscape character of the proposed scenic shoreline corridor on the East Honolulu side of Makapuu Point.

§ Consideration should be given to the establishment of buffer zones for the protection of rare coastal resources and recognition that such resources should be defined and identified.

§ Increase opportunities for physical access to the shoreline areas of Kaneohe and Kailua by acquiring additional shorefront areas. The top priority for such acquisition is in Kaneohe. In Kaneohe, access is being designed at the site of the Kaneohe Wastewater Pre-Treatment Facility, to be named Waikalua Bayside Park. The park is adjacent to Kaneohe Stream, which will be dredged to a depth of nine feet. Future expansion may be possible by either acquiring the adjacent Kokokahi YWCA facility or entering into a cooperative agreement with this organization for the joint use of both properties. Other sites in Kaneohe are at King Intermediate School and at a spot north of Heeia Kea Landing. The latter may require realignment of a portion of Kamehameha Highway to create adequate land area makai of the roadway. In Kailua, an additional park site should be sought in either the Oneawa Beach area, near the surf spot known as “Castles” or in the frontage along Kalaheo Avenue between Kailua Beach Park and Kalama Beach Park. The latter beach park could also be expanded if there is an opportunity to acquire an adjoining property.

§ Existing pedestrian rights-of-way to the shoreline should be improved by providing on-street or off-street parking nearby; secured bicycle racks where the access point adjoins an existing or planned bikeway, such as along Mokulua Drive in Lanikai and Kaneohe Bay Drive in Kaneohe; and provisions for emergency vehicle access and lateral access along the shoreline.

§ To maintain lateral access along popular beaches that are subject to long-term and seasonal erosion, particularly at Lanikai and Kualoa, beach management plans should be developed and implemented, with an emphasis on non-structural approaches and prevention of adverse effects on adjacent coral reef ecosystems. Greater shoreline setbacks should be established for new structures along these and other unstable shoreline areas, using criteria developed in various shoreline studies.   (See footnote 2)  Plans and activities should be consistent with the objectives and policies of the State Coastal Zone Management Program.

§ The placement and design of exterior lighting in areas adjacent to the shoreline may contribute to disorientation, injury or death of seabirds. Therefore, lighting should be designed and constructed to avoid such effects, using DLNR guidelines.

§ The Alala Point to Wailea shoreline should be designated as an erosion-prone area and a beach management plan prepared and implemented. Periodic beach restoration activities should also focus on the Bellows Air Force Station beach and Kaupo beach.

§ The shoreline along Kamehameha Highway adjacent to Kualoa Ranch to Kualoa Point should be designated as an erosion-prone area and be subject to a beach management plan.

§ To preserve public ownership and use of shoreline resources, legislation should be pursued to render all shoreline accretion as public (State) property in perpetuity.

§ Discourage the use of shore armoring structures.

---

OLE Object Here

---

View from Waimanalo Bay shoreline toward Makapuu Point.

Koolaupoko is home to several wetlands listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Oahu Team as significant because of the occurrence and abundance of native waterbirds, including the endangered Hawaiian Stilt (ae‘o), Hawaiian Coot (‘alae ke‘oke‘o), Hawaiian Duck (koloa maoli), Hawaiian Moorhen (‘alae ‘ula), and migratory waterfowl and shorebirds. Policies on the management of wetlands have been prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in cooperation with the State Department of Health   (See footnote 3) .
The major existing wetlands, proposed nature parks/preserves and botanical gardens of Koolaupoko (see Figure 3-1) are described below:

§ Hoomaluhia Botanical Garden. This 211-acre park, maintained by the City, was originally developed as a Federally-funded flood control project and includes a large stormwater impoundment basin. It includes limited facilities for camping, horseback riding, hiking, camping and environmental education as well as botanical gardens.

§ Kawainui Marsh. Kawainui Marsh serves multiple purposes as a flood storage basin, wetland filter, wildlife habitat and cultural and scenic resource pursuant to a master plan prepared in 1994.   (See footnote 4)  The master plan includes hiking trails through the Marsh. Also proposed are an environmental education center and a pedestrian path around the perimeter of the Marsh.

---

OLE Object Here

---

Kawainui Marsh serves as a flood storage basin, wetland filter, wildlife habitat, and cultural and scenic resource.

§ Heeia Wetland. Heeia Wetland was acquired by the State in 1991. While the State has not adopted a specific plan for Heeia, future uses may include nature trails, interpretive programs, and environmental education programs, similar to the program that has been adopted for Kawainui Marsh. The management plan may also seek to restore historic agricultural uses in a portion of the wetland, such as rice and taro cultivation.

§ Nuupia Pond. This large waterbody at the neck of Mokapu Peninsula is within the Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe and is under Federal protection and management as a habitat for endangered species.

§ Waihee Valley Nature Park. This site covering nearly 150 acres was acquired by the City and is designated as a Nature Park, but remains undeveloped.

§ Haiku Valley Cultural and Nature Preserve. The City has proposed to acquire the former Omega Station site from the U.S. Coast Guard and combine it with the adjoining Board of Water Supply parcel to create a nature and cultural preserve. The site includes Haiku Stairs and potential access to the Koolaupoko Trail Complex. In addition to its recreational and educational purposes, this park will help protect the Heeia watershed, which includes a high-quality perennial stream, a significant wetland habitat for native endangered Hawaiian waterbirds and migratory waterfowl and shorebirds, and an ancient Hawaiian fishpond in relatively good condition.

§ Waikane Nature Preserve. This is a site recently acquired by the City that had formerly been proposed for the development of a 27-hole private golf course. It is now designated for a nature preserve, but is currently undeveloped. The preserve will provide access to the Waikane Trail.

§ Koolau Greenbelt. This describes the transition area between the Koolau Mountain Range and the urban and agricultural uses in the valleys and on the coastal plain. Much of this area is presently undeveloped or used for open space purposes, including the nature parks/preserves described above or golf courses described below. The purposes of designating the remainder of this area as greenbelt are to preserve this natural, recreational and scenic resource; maintain significant view corridors; to prevent inappropriate development or use which may cause hazards or other undesirable environmental consequences downstream; and to provide opportunities for environmental and cultural research and education.

Guidelines relating to wildlife preserves in Koolaupoko are as follows:

§ Prepare use and management plans for Heeia Marsh, Waihee Valley Nature Park, Haiku Valley Cultural and Nature Preserve, and Waikane Nature Preserve and develop those sites pursuant to those plans. Encourage owners of private wetlands, such as Waihee Marsh (also known as “Haia Moi”), to prepare and abide by use and management plans for those resources.

Hoomaluhia Botanical Garden, a 211-acre park originally developed as a flood control project.

§ Prohibit encroachment or intensification of residential or other urban uses near wildlife sanctuaries and nature parks.

§ Wildlife preserve management plans should emphasize conservation and restoration of native plants, birds, fish and invertebrates. Private landowners should be encouraged to investigate the various State and Federal programs that provide incentives for landowners to manage their lands for the benefit of wildlife.

§ Prepare and implement a plan to establish a Koolau Greenbelt.

The ridges and valleys in Koolaupoko consist of natural gulches, streams and drainageways extending across the region. These stream channels are the primary means for carrying water from the inland areas to the sea and are generally capable of handling runoff from normal rainfall amounts. During periods of intense rainfall, however, a number of these drainageways overflow and create flooding problems (see discussion in Section 4.6, Drainage Systems).

Guidelines concerning natural gulches, streams and drainageways are as follows:

§ Preserve the natural aesthetic and biological values of gulches, streams and drainageways as part of the open space system.

§ If necessary to provide flood protection, alter natural drainageways in a way that preserves aesthetic and biological values, and avoids degradation of stream, coastline and nearshore water quality. For example, impacts on biological conditions may be mitigated, as appropriate, by using v-shaped bottom channels for periods of low stream flow, rip-rap boulder lining of stream banks, streamside vegetation and similar strategies to shade, cool and aerate the waters of the stream and provide riparian and stream bottom habitat.

§ Incorporate erosion control measures and best management practices, as cited in the Hawaii’s Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program Management Plan   (See footnote 5)  to prevent pollution of wetlands, streams, estuaries and nearshore waters.

§ Enhance, restore and preserve streams while providing public access.

The aesthetic and biological values of natural gulches, streams and drainageways should be preserved as part of Koolaupoko'’ open space system.

2.1.3.5 Agricultural Areas

While it is not its primary function, agriculture land use does contribute to the open space system. It defines the landscape character of large sections of Koolaupoko north of Ahuimanu and in the mauka portions of Waimanalo. Smaller enclaves of agricultural lands are found in Maunawili, Kailua and Kaneohe.

Guidelines relating to open space in agricultural areas are listed below:

§ Design and locate buildings and other facilities that are accessory to an agricultural operation in a way that minimizes visual impacts within the view corridors identified in Figure 2-4.

§ Retain the open space character of pastures adjacent to Kawainui Marsh and within the Hawaii Youth Correctional Facility to visually separate and define the edges of the Maunawili, Olomana and Pohakapu and Kukunono residential neighborhoods.

There are approximately 167 acres of community-based parks in Koolaupoko. As discussed further in Section 3.3, community-based parks include district, community, neighborhood, and mini parks. The main purpose of community-based parks is to provide active recreation space for residents of the region in the form of playfields and gyms, among others. In addition to meeting the active recreation needs of the region, community-based parks also serve as open space elements and add aesthetic value to the region by providing visual relief from urban land uses.

Guidelines pertaining to community-based parks in Koolaupoko are as follows:

§ Design and site structural improvements and landscaping in community-based parks in such a way as to enhance the aesthetic value of these open space elements.

Golf courses are important elements of the open space system because they provide areas for active recreation and offer visual relief from adjacent urban uses. Golf courses have a manicured appearance, so they are not necessarily appropriate for areas where the retention of a natural, untamed landscape character is desired. Koolaupoko’s golf courses, listed in Table 3-3, are located in a variety of settings. The Mid-Pacific Country Club, Bayview Golf Park, Kaneohe Klipper Golf Course and Olomana Golf Links demonstrate how golf courses in suburban settings can provide open space buffers between residential neighborhoods, passive stormwater drainage management, and opportunities to preserve significant views. The Bayview golf course, however, would present a more desirable view from Kaneohe Bay Drive if the high protective screens for golf driving range were not so obvious. The Pali, Luana Hills and Koolau golf courses have less value as contributors to the open space system because they are situated within or near forests with a dense canopy of trees and have altered the natural landscape character of those settings.

Guidelines relating to golf courses in Koolaupoko are listed below:

§ Maintain golf courses to provide view amenities for adjacent urban areas, especially from well-used public rights-of-way, parks and vista points. Where necessary, redesign golf course facilities or layouts to reduce the visual prominence of protective screens or accessory buildings.

§ Golf courses should be designed and maintained to avoid or minimize environmental impacts, such as siltation, pesticide and fertilizer runoff, destruction of coastal, riparian and wetland habitat, etc. Golf courses also should conform to the 1992 (or most recent edition) Office of Planning publication, Golf Course Development in Hawaii – Impacts and Policy Recommendations.

§ Optimize the function of golf courses as passive drainageways, maximizing their potential to retain or detain stormwater runoff.

§ Provide safe access through golf courses, as necessary, for regional continuity of pedestrian and bicycle systems.

§ When necessary for safety reasons, use landscape screening, setbacks and modifications to the course layout rather than fencing or solid barriers.

§ Provide appropriate buffers between golf courses and surrounding residential areas.

Major cemeteries in Koolaupoko are Valley of the Temples Memorial Park in Ahuimanu and Hawaiian Memorial Park and Hawaii State Veterans Cemetery on adjoining sites in Kaneohe. There are other, smaller cemeteries in the region, but these three are by far the most significant in size and visibility.

Guidelines concerning cemeteries are listed below:

§ Maintain the open space character of the cemeteries through very low lot coverage ratios. Above-grade structures should generally be limited to ceremonial or religious buildings; grave markers of modest size; and necessary administrative and maintenance support buildings that are minimally visible from public rights-of-way, entries and vista points.

The following components of the regional open space system are shown on the Open Space map in Appendix A:

§ Mountains, Wildlife Preserves and Nature Parks. These areas are designated for preservation and are to remain outside of the Urban Community Boundary and Rural Community Boundary. Small wetlands and agricultural lots consisting of less than 10 acres may be included within these boundaries, but the intent is to preserve them in their present use, even if they are not specifically shown on Map A-1, Open Space.

§ Shoreline Areas. All public shoreline parks, whether managed by the City or the State, are designated for preservation and shown on Map A-1, Open Space. Smaller existing and proposed access points to the shoreline are indicated by symbols on the map.

§ Agricultural Areas. Map A-1, Open Space, shows all areas designated for agriculture on the Map A-2, Land Use. Some of these lands are in the State Urban District, but all are outside of the Urban Community Boundary.

§ Community-Based Parks. The general location of district, community and neighborhood parks are shown in Table 3-4. Additions to the community-based park system are appropriately determined more by community facility design considerations (see Section 3.3 below) than by their relationship to the regional open space network.

§ Golf Courses and Cemeteries. The golf courses and three largest cemeteries in Koolaupoko are shown for their visual contributions to open space by virtue of their size and landscape character.

§ Natural Gulches, Streams and Drainageways. The riparian areas of perennial streams that are significant for their natural resource quality or that have potential for recreational access in urbanized areas are designated as stream management corridors, which are discussed in Section 4.6.

This section presents an overview of island-based parks and recreational areas in Koolaupoko. General policies, planning principles, and guidelines for development of these resources follow this. The location of the region’s island-based parks and recreational areas are shown on Map A-1, Open Space; Map A-2, Land Use; and Map A-3, Public Facilities.

The City and County of Honolulu Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) develops and maintains a system of park and recreation facilities which it classifies in a hierarchical manner. The largest and most specialized parks are classified as island-based parks since they serve the needs of all Oahu residents. This group includes regional parks, beach/shoreline parks, beach/shoreline right-of-ways, nature parks/reserves, botanical gardens, golf courses, and zoological parks (see Table 3-1). State parks can also be considered part of the island-wide park system. DPR’s standard for island-based parks is eight acres for every 1,000 persons. The location of public parks and recreation areas in Koolaupoko are shown in Figure 3-1.

Koolaupoko’s regional, beach and nature parks are listed in Table 3-2. Compared to other regions of the island, Koolaupoko has a disproportionate share of park acreage dedicated to natural and cultural preserves, which is a reflection of the region’s physical assets and historical use. For future additions to Koolaupoko’s island-based park land inventory, priority should be given to the acquisition of shorefront properties primarily in Kaneohe and secondarily in Kailua, as stated in Section 3.1.3.2.

Waimanalo’s beach is recognized as one the island’s important recreational resources.

Koolaupoko has seven golf courses, most of which are available for public play. Five of these courses are available for general public play. The other two are subject to restrictive policies: the private Mid-Pacific Country Club and the military course at Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe (see Table 3-3).

Golf courses are considered valuable open space and aesthetic resources and also serve a practical purpose by reducing flooding and nonpoint pollution by helping retain storm waters. However, they are highly land intensive, typically occupying 150 to 200 acres, and thus plans for future golf courses or redevelopment of existing golf courses should undergo careful evaluation. Depending on the location, design, and pricing of greens fees and/or memberships, new course development could have significant environmental, economic, and social impacts. Furthermore, Koolaupoko is mostly built-out and land areas that could possibly accommodate a new golf course are either in preservation or long-term agricultural use. Consequently, this plan does not propose development of additional golf courses in the Koolaupoko region or the continuation of land use and other development entitlements for proposed golf courses that had not been built as of the end of 1998.

The following general policies relate to island-based parks and recreational resources in Koolaupoko:

§ Increase the inventory of island-based parks by giving priority to the acquisition of shorefront properties primarily in Kaneohe and secondarily in Kailua. (Note that expansion of the inventory of island-based parks should be given lower priority than expansion of the inventory of community-based parks in Koolaupoko as provided in Section 3.3.2.)

§ Maintain and enhance present island-based parks by utilizing land area that has not been fully developed for recreation use. Island-based parks are part of the region’s abundance of natural and scenic resources and contribute to the attractiveness of Koolaupoko to both residents and visitors.

The general policies for island-based parks and recreation complexes are supported by the following planning principles:

§ Appropriate Screening and Siting. Carefully site active playfields and supporting facilities intended for intensive use, and use appropriate landscape screening to reduce the potential impacts on surrounding areas.

§ Environmental Compatibility. Construct park facilities in a manner that avoids adverse impacts on natural resources or processes in the coastal zone or any other environmentally sensitive area. In the design of recreation areas, incorporate natural features of the site and use landscape materials that are indigenous to the area in order to retain a sense of place.

§ Community Integration. Link recreational attractions, which may be designed to have distinct identities and entries, with surrounding areas through the use of connecting roadways, bikeways, walkways, landscape features and/or architectural design.

The following guidelines implement the general policies and planning principles for the island-based parks and recreation areas listed above.

§ Expand recreational and educational resources by implementing the following:

* Acquisition and development of the proposed Haiku Valley Cultural and Nature Preserve, including access to Haiku Stairs.
* Improvement of the Waikane Nature Preserve and Waihee Valley Nature Park.

§ Improve in a manner that preserves the area’s natural scenic quality and provides educational and passive recreation opportunities.

§ Protect fragile natural resources, such as the wildlife, from overuse through appropriate forms of management control.

§ Acquire additional shorefront land for parks in Kaneohe and Kailua with particular attention to increasing shoreline access in Kaneohe.

§ Mitigate visual impacts of large recreation buildings or structures, lighting, parking lots, perimeter fencing along major collector streets and other utilitarian elements through building design, plantings or other appropriate visual screens adjacent to residential areas and major roadways.

§ Locate bus stops and loading areas at principal entries and adjacent to convenient pedestrian accesses to main activity areas within the park.

§ Provide amenities and service facilities to accommodate “tailgate” picnics in parking areas for sporting events, including shading canopy trees within the parking lot as well as nearby picnic tables and outdoor grills.

The following section provides an overview and a list of general policies and guidelines pertaining to community-based parks and recreation areas.

Park areas that serve more localized populations are classified as community-based parks. This group includes district, community, and neighborhood parks as well as other, smaller park areas (see Table 3-4).

DPR uses a standard of two acres per every 1,000 persons in evaluating service needs, although this figure varies according to each community’s situation. Koolaupoko contains a total of approximately 167 acres of community-based parks (see Table 3-5). Based on DPR’s standard and Koolaupoko’s 1990 population of 117,700, this represents a deficit of approximately 68 acres of community-based parks. With an expected 2020 population of 122,100, the acreage deficit will grow to 77 acres if there is no addition to the park land inventory.

At present, the only planned addition to the community-based park inventory in Koolaupoko is a one-acre expansion of Kaneohe Civic Center Neighborhood Park. Unless future land acquisitions are planned, any new park areas would have to be provided pursuant to the Park Dedication Ordinance in conjunction with private developments. This method cannot be used to make up the existing deficit in community-based park lands in Koolaupoko because the amount of new private development is expected to be very limited under the provisions of this Plan.

The ratio of population to land area is not the only factor to consider when evaluating community-based public park needs. Some of the demand for public park space is off-set by private parks that are owned and maintained by community associations in Kailua, Ahuimanu, Kaneohe and Lanikai for the use of their residents and guests. For military personnel and their dependents, the Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe also provides a golf course and several parks.

It may be possible to increase the availability of public recreation facilities without acquiring additional land to develop for that purpose. For example, the current deficit of community-based public park land could be reduced if portions of the regional parks and beach parks were developed with more active playing fields, courts and playgrounds, as has been done at Waimanalo Beach Park. The campuses of some of Koolaupoko’s public schools, including Windward Community College, have athletic facilities that could be opened for general community use, possibly under a joint use agreement between the State and the City. Similar joint use agreements also could be explored with nonprofit organizations such as the YMCA/YWCA or with Hawaii Pacific University.

The development of landscaped bikeways and walkways along streams and drainage channels is another way to both increase recreation opportunities and provide safer and more enjoyable access to existing parks, particularly in the urbanized areas of Kaneohe and Kailua. “Pocket” parks could be developed along the route on adjacent small parcels either presently owned by the City or State or acquired by the City for this purpose.

Possible additional sites for active recreational facilities would be the mauka portions of Kahaluu Regional Park and Bellows Field Beach Park, if and when that site is released by the military for permanent civil recreation use. Also, the former sanitary landfill site at Kapaa has been landscaped for eventual park use, and some active recreation facilities could be developed there. A portion of the former landfill area at the edge of Kawainui Marsh is already in use as a model airplane park. While all possible methods should be pursued as ways to reduce the deficit of community-based parks, emphasis realistically has to be placed on future acquisition in areas where the current deficit is most significant.

General policies pertaining to community-based parks are as follows:

§ Increase the inventory of community-based parks to provide sports and recreation facilities for Koolaupoko residents in appropriate locations in Kailua, Kaneohe, Kahaluu, and Waimanalo with land acquisition to reduce the existing deficit of such parks in these areas.

§ Modify recreation facilities in existing parks and increase access to public school facilities in areas where there is limited opportunity to expand park space.

§ Have new residential development provide land for open space and recreation purposes in lieu of payment of a fee for park dedication purposes, if the project is of sufficient size to set aside usable land to meet neighborhood recreational needs.

§ Pursue the development of greenways along the following streams and drainage channels: Kaneohe Stream, from Kaneohe Bay to Kamehameha Highway; Keaahala Stream, from Kaneohe Bay to Kahekili Highway; Kawainui Stream, from Kailua Bay to Kawainui Marsh; Kawa Stream, from Mokulele Drive to Kaneohe Bay Drive; and Kaelepulu Stream, from Kailua Bay to Kaelepulu Pond.

The following guidelines implement the general policies and planning principles for community-based parks:

§ Expand active recreational facilities by incorporating facilities such as playfields and playcourts in regional and beach parks and in the former sanitary landfill site at Kapaa.

§ Prepare a functional plan for the acquisition of new community-based parks in Kailua, Kaneohe, Kahaluu, and Waimanalo.

§ Have master plans for development of new parks or redevelopment of existing parks provide for facilities and accessible pathways from surrounding streets to facilitate pedestrian and bicycle access to parks.

§ The DPR should explore ways, through cooperative agreements and mutual indemnifications with the DOE and nonprofit organizations, to design and operate facilities to achieve efficiencies and reduce duplication in the development and use of athletic, recreation, meeting, and parking facilities.

Kaneohe’s Kaluapuhi Neighborhood Park.

2.4 Historic and cultural resources

The following sections provide an overview and a listing of policies, planning principles, and guidelines for the preservation of historic and cultural resources in Koolaupoko.

Due to the relatively recent urban development of the region, the most significant remnants of Koolaupoko’s past are archaeological sites. In 1930, an archaeological survey of Oahu documented numerous sites in the area now defined as Koolaupoko.   (See footnote 6)  Erosion or other land altering activities such as agricultural use and urban development had destroyed many of these sites, even at that time.

Table 3-6 lists some of the significant archaeological sites in Koolaupoko including ancient fishponds and known remaining sacred sites such as heiau and fishing shrines many of which are listed on the Hawaii or National Registers of Historic Places. The approximate location of these sites and other significant cultural features is shown in Figure 2-5. This representative list is not intended to document all significant archaeological sites in Koolaupoko.

Koolaupoko has many other structural landmarks that are identified with the history of the region. The following, some of which are listed on the National or Hawaii Registers of Historic Places, are among the more significant sites:

§ Makapuu Lighthouse
§ Waikane Store
§ Lanikai Entry Marker
§ Haiku Plantation Gardens, Kaneohe
§ Hygienic Store, Kahaluu
§ Waiahole Poi Factory
§ Kaneohe State Hospital
§ Hawaii Youth Correction Facility - Kawailoa, Kailua
§ Byodo-in Temple, Valley of the Temples, Ahuimanu
§ Boettcher Estate, Kalama Beach Park, Kailua
§ Kaneohe Ranch offices, Maunawili
§ Waimanalo Ditch System

There are also many private residences, at various locations, that are more than 50 years old that have sufficient architectural distinction and integrity to make them eligible for listing on either the National or State Registers.

§ Emphasize physical references to Koolaupoko’s history and cultural roots.
§ Protect existing visual landmarks and support the creation of new, culturally appropriate landmarks.
§ Preserve significant historic features from earlier periods.
§ Retain significant vistas associated with archaeological features.

The treatment of a particular historic or cultural site should depend upon its characteristics and potential value. The following planning principles should be used to determine appropriate treatment:

§ Preservation and Protection. Implement in situ preservation and appropriate protection measures for sites that have high preservation value because of their good condition or unique features.

§ Compatible Setting. Determine the appropriate treatment for a historic site by the particular qualities of the site and its relationship to its physical surroundings. The context of a historic site is usually a significant part of its value and care should be taken in the planning and design of adjacent uses to avoid conflicts or abrupt contrasts that detract from or destroy the physical integrity and historic or cultural value of the site.

§ Accessibility and Interpretation. Establish the degree of public access and interpretation that would best promote the preservation of the historic, cultural and educational value of the site, recognizing that economic use is sometimes the only feasible way to preserve a site. Public access to a historic site can take many forms, from direct physical contact and use to limited visual contact. In some cases, however, it may be highly advisable to restrict access to protect the physical integrity or cultural value of the site.

The following guidelines apply to native Hawaiian cultural and archaeological sites:

§ Require preservation in situ only for those features that the State Historic Preservation Officer has recommended such treatment.

§ Determine the appropriate preservation methods on a site-by-site basis in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer.

§ Determine appropriate delineation of site boundaries and setbacks and restrictions for adjacent uses on a site-by-site basis in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer.

§ Include sight lines that are significant to the original purpose and value of the site in criteria for adjacent use restrictions.

§ Determine the appropriateness of public access on a site-by-site basis in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer and the owner of the land on which the site is located.

For historic sites and landmarks the following principles apply:

§ Promote the identification, survey and listing of sites that are eligible for the Hawaii or National Registers of Historic Places.

§ Preserve the architectural character, landscape setting and visual context of historic and cultural landmarks through appropriate zoning standards and development controls, as necessary, and public outreach programs such as design guidelines for the maintenance, renovation or expansion of older dwellings.

§ Provide incentives for the preservation and maintenance of historic sites, such as property tax abatements.

An overview of agricultural development in Koolaupoko is presented below. This is followed by a description of general policies and guidelines that are to be applied to areas designated for agricultural use.

As described in Section 2.2.2, Koolaupoko’s agricultural areas consist primarily of small farms. The largest concentration of high-quality agricultural land is in Waimanalo, which is also within reasonable reach of the Honolulu market and overseas shipping terminals. Other areas suitable for truck farming are in Maunawili Valley and the valleys between Ahuimanu and Kualoa at the northern end of the district.

The pattern of small farms, typically with a dwelling on the same lot, presents a paradox. On one hand, this arrangement enhances the economic feasibility of an agricultural operation by (1) minimizing land costs; (2) enhancing security for agricultural products and equipment; (3) allowing more efficient access for daily maintenance; and (4) avoiding the cost of a separate home site for the farmer. On the other hand, this pattern may lead to a gradual transformation of agricultural areas to large-lot residential neighborhoods, induced by real estate development pressures. Development pressure is exacerbated as conflicts arise between agricultural use and nearby residences, such as increased complaints from neighbors about dust, noise, overspray, odors, and other normal effects of farming. In turn, this can lead to operational changes that may be required by the enforcement of public health regulations and that adversely affect the feasibility of agriculture. One way to avoid this conflict is to require the more-recently established use to maintain adequate separation between agricultural and residential uses.

Land use policy can support agricultural activities in other ways, as well. For example, zoning and development codes can restrict nonagricultural uses to those that are intended to meet the needs of the rural community or that are related to agricultural operations in the area. It can also propose the development of facilities and programs that support agricultural activities and the marketing of products.

The following general policies apply to lands designated for agricultural use:

§ Encourage agricultural use of small lots and prevent incremental conversion of agricultural lands to exclusive residential or other nonagricultural uses.

§ Adopt development and public works standards that are appropriate and cost-effective for rural, agricultural areas.

§ Provide support infrastructure, services and facilities to foster and sustain agricultural operations.

§ Implement tax policies that promote active, long-term agricultural uses.

The following planning principles apply to lands designated for agricultural use:

§ Appropriate Development Standards. Zoning and subdivision codes should prevent the conversion of agricultural lots to residential or other non-agricultural uses.

§ Infrastructure Requirements. Standards for public infrastructure in rural and agricultural areas should be modified in accord with the character and needs of such areas.

§ Appropriate Use Standards. Use standards should provide for all agricultural activities and uses customarily associated with agricultural areas, including ranching and plant nurseries (crop production with on-site retail or wholesale sales). In agricultural districts, nuisance regulations in zoning and environmental codes should give preference to agriculture use over residential use. Nonagricultural uses should be limited to those that provide support services for agricultural operations or the rural community or that are otherwise directly related to an agricultural use.

§ Supporting Measures and Incentives. Provide tax incentives, technical and financial assistance, and public land or facilities that support agricultural operations and/or the marketing of products. Promote land trusts, conservation easements, agricultural dedications, and other mechanisms as incentives to preserve agricultural land use.

§ Zoning standards should limit the floor area of dwellings and prevent inappropriate urban uses, such as meeting facilities and conditional uses that have no direct relationship to agricultural or local community needs. Dwellings should be permitted only if there is an agricultural use of the same lot.

§ Zoning standards should require new residential development to maintain an adequate buffer when adjacent to agricultural lands, giving consideration to topographic barriers, prevailing winds, and the noise and air-borne emissions associated with the type of agricultural operation.

§ Adopt standards for roadway and other infrastructure design that are appropriate and intended for continued agricultural use rather than residential use.

§ Performance standards for agricultural zoning districts should focus on preventing degradation of the natural environment, maintaining the viability of agricultural uses, and protecting the health and safety of agricultural workers rather than on disturbances to residential uses.

§ Review and revise agricultural subdivision regulations as necessary to implement the plan.

§ Property tax assessments and rates should be structured to encourage long-term leases for agricultural operations.

An overview of residential development in Koolaupoko is presented below. This is followed by a description of general policies and guidelines that are to be applied to existing and planned residential developments.

With the establishment of Urban Community, Rural Community, Agriculture and Preservation Boundaries to preserve open space and agricultural areas and contain the spread of development, housing capacity in Koolaupoko will be increased only by:

(1) “Infill” development of remaining vacant lands in areas that are already urbanized;

(2) Minor subdivisions of some larger residential lots into smaller parcels at scattered locations throughout the region;

(3) Expansions of existing homes to accommodate larger households; and

(4) Residential development on Marine Corps Base Hawaii and lands under the jurisdiction of the Department of Hawaiian Homelands or the Office of Hawaiian Affairs.

While the development of vacant parcels is readily identified and their effects are more immediately apparent, the physical changes wrought by incremental intensification of residential use in existing built-up neighborhoods through minor subdivisions and home expansions will be slower and more subtle. Effective residential lot design standards which limit building height, coverage, paving, and removal of landscaping should be implemented to avoid the long-term cumulative impact of this gradual transformation, which could adversely affect the character of existing neighborhoods.

The following general policies may be applied to existing and planned residential developments:

§ Protect the integrity of existing residential areas and enhance the desirable living amenities available to them.

§ Increase housing capacity in Koolaupoko in accordance with General Plan policies through development of new homes on lots presently designated for low-density residential use and expansion of existing homes in built-up residential neighborhoods.

§ Respond to the special needs of an aging population by providing future housing development for the elderly in a variety of living accommodations that are affordable to low- and moderate-income, gap group, and other elderly households; such as multi-generation households, group homes, assisted living units, and continuing care retirement communities. Except for multi-generation housing, these should be provided primarily outside of single-family districts.

§ Modify residential neighborhood street design, where appropriate, to provide greater emphasis on safe, accessible, convenient and comfortable pedestrian routes, bus stops, and bike routes, even if this requires somewhat slower travel speeds or less direct routes. This may require review and revision of City street standards.

§ Allow community facilities such as schools and churches, with appropriate limitations on scale, siting and intensity of activity to respect adjacent residential uses and the prevailing character of the surrounding neighborhood.

§ Physical Character and Definition of Neighborhoods. Establish design guidelines to minimize long-term adverse impacts of expansions of existing homes and new infill development on surrounding neighborhoods. Use sloped roof forms with wide overhangs. Discourage paving of yard areas. Enhance the boundaries of existing neighborhoods through the use of landscaping, natural features, and building form and siting. Focus neighborhood activity on the local street, common pedestrian rights-of-way, and recreation areas.

§ Transit-, Bicycle- and Pedestrian-Oriented Residential Streets. Encourage bus, pedestrian, and bicycle travel, particularly to reach neighborhood destinations such as schools, parks, and convenience stores, recognizing the need for accessible design and safe travel conditions for elderly and/or disabled people. Implement passive and active automobile traffic calming measures on residential neighborhood streets and plant street trees to provide shading for sidewalks and bus stops. Provide sufficient area within the public right-of-way to accommodate shelters at bus stops.

§ Environmental Compatibility. Encourage energy efficient features, such as the use of solar panels for heating water, and passive solar design, such as the use of window recesses and overhangs and orientation of openings to allow natural cross-ventilation. Also, resource conservation measures such as water flow constrictors and facilities for the sorting of waste materials for recycling should be incorporated in the design of new development and expansions of existing dwellings, but in each case visual impacts of such measures should be minimized.

§ Hillside and Floodplain Development Standards. Safety and health problems inherent in the development of land with steep slopes and/or potentially unstable soil conditions must be avoided. Development standards governing such conditions should be reevaluated and revised to reflect the most current civil, soils, structural engineering and geological findings related to this subject as well as the analysis of historical experience on Oahu. Development within the 100-year floodplain needs to conform with regulations and guidelines of the Federal Emergency Management Agency

§ Nuisance regulations should give preference to residential uses in residential districts. Nuisance regulations in zoning and environmental codes should give preference to residential uses over other uses.

Guidelines to implement the general policies and planning principles are provided below:

Rural residential areas typically exhibit the physical characteristics of a rural context, including:

· Lower population and building density than more urbanized areas;
· Smaller lot coverage and larger setbacks than encountered in more urbanized areas;
· Low-rise structures, generally not exceeding two stories;
· Relatively narrower roadway widths;
· Reduced sidewalk requirements;
· Use of grassed swales rather than curbs and gutters; and
· Rurally-oriented landscaping.

Two categories of rural residential development are recognized by this plan: Rural, and Rural Residential.

· Rural: This category consists of single-family homes on relatively large lots, e.g., lots of one acre or more. Development is low intensity and generally consists of a single-family home, ancillary structures if necessary, low site coverage, and a predominance of landscaped open space. No intensification in the use of existing Rural areas or creation of new Rural areas is intended. Existing Rural parcels are recognized, valid uses; however, no new Rural lots should be permitted.

Two variants of the Rural category are recognized by this plan:
- Inside the Urban Community or Rural Community boundaries, Rural areas may be developed as large-lot residential uses.
- Outside the Urban Community or Rural Community boundaries, Rural areas should be used primarily for agricultural uses. Overall site density should not exceed one dwelling per 2 acres on lands which have been subdivided into lots of less than 5 acres, and one dwelling per 5 acres on lots that exceed this size as of the effective date of this plan. Dwellings should be subject to occupancy and size restrictions similar to those set forth in Section 3.5.4.

· Rural Residential: This category is intended to describe the bulk of existing and new residential developments located within the Rural Community boundaries. These areas consist of single-family homes in "country" settings. Currently, typical residential lot sizes range from just less than one acre to about one-eighth acre; new subdivisions, if proposed, should provide for residential lot sizes no smaller than about one-fourth acre. The allowed density range should be amended so average densities are in the range of 0.2 units per acre to 4 units per acre.

Two categories of urban residential development are recognized by this plan: Residential and Low-Density Apartment. These categories exhibit more intense patterns of development than is intended for the rural areas. Both of these categories are found only within the Urban Community Boundary areas.

· Residential: Dwellings in this category consist of single-family detached and attached homes or townhouses with individual entries. Applicable regulations should be reviewed and revised as necessary to provide that multi-family projects must have a minimum lot size of three acres in existing residential districts. Efforts should be directed to maintaining and enhancing the protection of residential neighborhoods from incompatible uses and nuisance-producing activities. Density of development may range from two units per acre to 8 units per acre. Building heights should not exceed two stories.

· Low-Density Apartment: This category consists of predominantly 2-3 story townhouse complexes, stacked flats, or low-rise apartment buildings; parking provision may comprise a separate story, but efforts should be made to minimize overall building height and building height should not exceed 30 feet. Buildings may have elevators and common entries for multiple dwellings. Density of development may range from 10-30 units per acre.

Special Needs Housing comprise facilities designed for certain segments of the population with special living requirements. Categories of special needs groups include low- and moderate-income sectors, senior citizens, disabled people, and people with health problems or needs for other forms of special care. Often such housing includes special features, such as congregate dining and social rooms; laundry, housekeeping and personal assistance services; shuttle bus services for project residents; and skilled nursing beds or physical therapy clinics. Special needs housing should be located in close proximity to transit services and commercial centers. Although special needs housing can occur at a variety of scales appropriate to the region’s neighborhoods, it is intended that multi-family housing will be the primary form used to achieve economies of scale in the development of special needs housing. Thus, it is anticipated that special needs housing will be accommodated primarily within the low-density apartment areas and the commercial-residential mixed use areas in the Regional Town Centers.

This section provides an overview of commercial and industrial land uses in Koolaupoko followed by general policies, planning principles, and guidelines for the location, expansion or renovation of such uses. Commercial and industrial uses includes retail and service establishments, offices, light industrial activities and storage facilities.

As described in Section 2.2.6, much of the commercial development in Koolaupoko is in the form of shopping centers. Some are located within the central business districts of Kaneohe and Kailua, while others are located in outlying areas, usually surrounded by suburban residential neighborhoods and smaller commercial properties. Listed in Table 3-7 are the shopping centers that contained over 50,000 square feet of gross leasable area in 1998.

There is a probable demand for certain additional light industrial uses that are oriented to the needs of the region’s suburban and rural communities. Such uses could include, among others, small warehouses and repair shops for equipment, appliances, vehicles and sundry household items. However, the anticipated demand for space in this region can be accommodated within the existing industrial zones of the town centers of Kailua and Kaneohe and in the vicinity of Kapaa Quarry, where similar uses are already located.

For purposes of this Plan, the various types of commercial and industrial uses are defined and designated in five categories: Rural Community Commercial Center, Neighborhood Commercial Center, Community Commercial Center, Regional Town Center, and Light and Extractive Industry. The policies pertaining to each of these categories are as follows:

§ Rural Community Commercial Center. The Rural Community Commercial Center is a small cluster of commercial and service uses which serve primarily the surrounding rural community. Due to their highway exposure, many businesses also attract visitors and residents from outside the immediate community. The Rural Community Commercial Center typically consists of small business establishments located on small land parcels rather than in shopping centers. The exception is Waimanalo Shopping Center, which is small compared to most suburban shopping centers.

§ Neighborhood Commercial Center. The Neighborhood Commercial Center typically encompasses an area of about five to ten acres or less, with an aggregate floor area of up to 100,000 square feet. It may consist of a shopping center on a single lot, a concentration of commercial establishments on smaller lots, or a combination of the two. It is located within or adjacent to a residential neighborhood and contains services and shops catering to common household needs.

§ Community Commercial Centers. The typical Community Commercial Center is situated along an arterial road or at the juncture of major roads. The nucleus is a retail shopping center that occupies between 10 to 30 acres and contains up to 250,000 square feet of floor area, but with the addition of adjacent, smaller sites the entire Community Commercial Center may encompass up to 50 acres. In addition to the uses found in Neighborhood Commercial Centers, Community Commercial Centers may include offices, service industrial establishments, entertainment and social centers. Windward City Shopping Center and adjacent commercial uses fall into this category.

§ Regional Town Centers. The commercial core areas of Kaneohe and Kailua are defined as “Regional Town Centers”. They offer a wider range of shopping and services than the other commercial centers in the region, including light industrial uses. Their roles will be intensified and enhanced by directing new commercial development to these centers, increasing the mix of uses and types of services and activities in the centers and providing more convenient public transportation access and pedestrian amenities within and leading to the centers.

§ Light and Extractive Industry. This description pertains to light industrial uses and resource extractive activities, such as sand and rock quarrying. Koolaupoko has two quarries, one in Waimanalo and the other at Kapaa. The former quarry at Kapaa was for many years the site of the City’s largest sanitary landfill until its recent closure. A portion of the existing Kapaa quarry is bounded by light industrial uses. This plan anticipates the continuation of existing quarries, and the opening of a new quarry site in Kapaa on the other side of the H-3 Freeway. When extractions from the Kapaa quarries have been completed, they should be considered for natural conditions or an expansion of light-industrial uses, if sufficient demand can be demonstrated. The industrial zoned (but not presently developed as industrial) area along the frontage of Hekili Street in Kailua should be rezoned to commercial.

The following planning principles apply to the expansion or renovation of the existing commercial centers and industrial uses described above.

§ Scale and Purpose of Rural Community Commercial Centers. The intent in designating a specific location for the Rural Community Commercial Centers of Kahaluu and Waimanalo is to promote a more concentrated, but small-scale center for commercial activities and services for rural communities and agricultural enterprises. At present, commercial uses within the Rural Community Boundaries are somewhat dispersed along highway frontages. New or expanded commercial uses outside of the Urban Community Boundary areas should occur only in the Rural Community Commercial Centers.

§ Scale and Purpose of Neighborhood Commercial Centers. The Neighbor-hood Commercial Center designation applies to commercial properties within the Urban Community Boundary that are not defined as Community Commercial Centers or Regional Town Centers. To maintain their present scale and purpose, the number and size of Neighborhood Commercial Centers should not be increased through zoning actions. Minor expansions of floor area may occur on lots that are presently zoned for commercial use. These centers should continue to emphasize retail stores and personal services and public facilities designed to serve the needs of the surrounding community; i.e., typically residents within a one- to two-mile radius.

§ Scale and Purpose of Community Commercial Centers. These centers should retain their present purpose and approximate size. Modest additions of floor area and parking could be made to these centers through redesign of the sites they presently occupy. There should be no expansion of commercial zoning to additional lots in the vicinity of these centers, except for those near Windward City that are presently zoned light industrial but are predominantly in commercial-type uses.

§ Mix of Uses in the Regional Town Centers. The centers of Kaneohe and Kailua will be composed of four components:

* Given their size and location relative to principal travel routes in the region, the centers of Kaneohe and Kailua should be designated as the focal points for regional shopping and services. This may include small to medium-sized office buildings and “service-industrial” establishments.

* Light industrial zones should be converted to commercial-industrial mixed use to reflect actual use patterns and promote storefront uses along the sidewalks.

* Low-density apartment and special needs housing uses should be allowed in the commercial district to stimulate business activity and create a livelier environment, but not to the extent that it is inconsistent with General Plan population policies, nor to the extent that a net loss of commercial floor area is realized in the affected Regional Town Center.

* Building Heights. As is currently established in all areas of Koolaupoko, commercial building heights should not exceed 40 feet.

§ Pedestrian Orientation in the Regional Town Centers. The centers of Kaneohe and Kailua should have an integrated pedestrian circulation system consisting of linkages through blocks to public sidewalks and transit stops. Storefronts and entries to business establishments should support this pedestrian orientation. Encouraging shared use of parking should reduce the dominance of parking lots. Consideration should be given to implementing a parking improvement district in Kaneohe and expanding the one in Kailua.

§ Physical Accessibility. Incorporate site design and facilities to promote pedestrian, bicycle and transit access. Pedestrian and bicycle access should be provided at the Neighborhood Commercial Centers and Community Commercial Centers; and transit access should be convenient for patrons of the Regional Town Centers. Efficiencies and other improvements in traffic and parking conditions could be achieved by redesigning or re-siting parking lots, driveways (particularly in the Kailua Regional Town Center) and walkways and providing shuttle bus services within the Kailua and Kaneohe communities and their respective Regional Town Centers.

The region’s town centers should reflect greater pedestrian orientation, including through-block walkway links, building entries directly from the sidewalk, and placement of parking behind the buildings.

§ Appropriate Scale and Architectural Style. Maintain consistency between the building mass of a commercial center and its urban and natural setting. The architectural character of commercial centers should respect the surrounding urban and natural features, particularly when located adjacent to a residential area or significant natural or historic feature. Commercial centers lend themselves to the application of urban design features that provide distinctiveness to each center and strengthen the characteristics of the communities they serve. Rural Community Commercial Centers should reflect the rural characteristics of the surrounding community. Neighborhood Commercial Centers should be compatible in design and scale with the surrounding area. The Regional Town Centers may reflect a more urban architectural character, with emphasis on pedestrian-scaled design and features. Building height and mass also should not conflict with the surrounding urban and natural setting.

§ Environmental Compatibility. Encourage energy efficient features, such as the use of solar panels for heating water, and passive solar design, such as the use of arcades, window recesses and awnings and orientation of openings to allow natural cross-ventilation. Also, resource conservation measures such as water flow constrictors and facilities for the sorting of waste materials for recycling should be incorporated in the design of new development.

§ Compatible Reuse Plans for Quarry Sites. The reuse plan for the Kapaa quarry sites should emphasize the restoration of natural conditions rather than urban uses. Fill material should be engineered and generally consist of natural materials or nontoxic construction debris and limited in quantity to the amount necessary to simulate the original topographic conditions of the site. There should also be a suitable depth of topsoil to establish plant material similar to that in the surrounding area. In Waimanalo, the quarry site may be reused for the development of Hawaiian Home Lands residential lots; a mini-park may also be provided for the neighborhood.

The following guidelines are intended to implement the general policies and planning principles listed above.

Rural Community Commercial Centers
§ Architectural Character and Building Mass
* Buildings should have a rustic appearance, with pitched roof forms or “false-front” parapets characteristic of rural towns in Hawaii.
* Individual business establishments within the center should be relatively small and should be focussed on provision of goods and services primarily to the surrounding rural community or agricultural activities.
* Buildings should be sited close to the roadway in the manner of a traditional rural village.
* Meeting facilities, other than public schools or service facilities, should be relatively small in area and should be focussed on accommodating the needs of the surrounding rural community or agricultural activities.

§ Visual Screening, Lighting and Signage
* Landscaping should be informal, road signage and lighting subdued, and parking lots visually subordinate to the buildings and landscaping.

§ Vehicular Access
* No new off-street parking or loading areas designed to accommodate private vehicles for more than 15 passengers should be permitted, except those for school or public transportation.

§ Outlying Commercial Uses
* Outside of the Rural Community Commercial Centers, structures occupied by existing commercial, light industrial or community facility uses may be rebuilt or remodeled within their present floor area, provided they meet the design guidelines for Rural Community Commercial Centers.

Neighborhood and Community Commercial Centers
§ Architectural Character and Building Mass
* Buildings should maintain a residential character; height, size, and massing of building should be compatible with adjacent residential areas.
* The total floor area of Neighborhood Community Centers should not exceed 100,000 square feet; aggregate floor area of all properties within Community Commercial Centers should not exceed 350,000 square feet.
* Encourage gable and hip-form roofs, using breaks in the roof line to reduce the apparent scale of large roof plates.
* Express residential character by using exterior materials and colors that are typically found in neighborhood houses.

§ Vehicular Access
* Access to the parking and loading areas should be from a collector street.
* Encourage use of shared driveways to access parking areas between buildings.
* Permit access to a local residential street only if it is for emergency or secondary access and would not encourage through traffic along the local street.
*
§ Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities
* There should be at least one pedestrian access from the public sidewalk or other off-site pedestrian pathway to the entrance of establishments in the commercial center that does not require crossing a traffic lane or parking lot aisle or driveway.
* There should be a direct pedestrian connection from the interior walkways in the commercial center to a bus stop.
* Design and place bicycle racks to provide security and be visible and readily accessible from the street entry.

§ Visual Screening, Lighting, and Signage
* Visually screen parking and service areas from streets and residential areas.
* Include a landscaped screen of trees and hedges along the street frontages and property lines.
* Provide and maintain shade trees throughout parking lots.
* Use only low-level or indirect lighting which meet safety and security requirements in parking lots.
* Ensure compatibility between the type, size, design, placement, and color of signage and the context of adjacent facilities and uses and in conformance with approved urban design guidelines of the community.

Regional Town Centers (Kailua and Kaneohe)
§ Mix of Uses
* Public uses serving a regional purpose -- such as Satellite City Halls, regional libraries, police substations, post offices, and civic centers - should be located within either or both of these Regional Town Centers and not in outlying areas. Public facilities that have smaller service areas or that are an integral part of a regional network, such as elementary schools, fire stations, pump stations, and utility substations, may be located in outlying areas.
* Service industrial uses should be located within enclosed buildings. Locate, design, and operate uses that generate undue noise levels in a way that will keep noise to an acceptable level in adjacent areas.

§ Architectural Character and Building Massing
* Architectural character may be varied, depending on the context, the theme, and the individual community’s approved urban design guidelines for the particular center. Portions of commercial center buildings that are adjacent to or readily visible from residential areas should reflect, and be compatible with, a more residential character; or be screened from view from such areas by landscaping.
* Secondary entries to business establishments may be provided from parking areas. Development of cooperative parking agreements among neighboring businesses and landowners is encouraged.
* Avoid blank facades on portions of buildings visible from public areas by using texture, articulation, color, and fenestration to create visual interest.
* Building heights should not exceed 40 feet, with height setback transitions from street frontages, the shoreline, and adjacent residential areas.

§ Pedestrian, Bicycle, and Transit Facilities
* Provide street frontage improvements for bus stops, each including a bus shelter and a pull-out off a traffic lane, along all abutting streets that have bus routes.
* Provide a pedestrian pathway from the bus stop to an entrance to the main building of the commercial center. The pathway should be clearly indicated with special paving or markings and covered to provide weather protection, if the commercial center building is not directly connected to the bus shelter.
* Design and place bicycle racks to provide security and be visible and readily accessible from the street entry to the commercial center.

§ Visual Screening, Lighting and Signage
* Buffer noise and other adverse impacts related to parking, loading and service areas from adjacent residential areas by landscaped berms or solid walls fronted by landscaping.
* Plant a landscape screen, consisting of trees and hedges, along streets fronting parking lots or garages. Shade trees should be planted throughout parking lots.

* Visually screen storage areas for vehicles, equipment, and supplies from the street and adjacent lots by privacy walls and buildings, fronted by landscaping used to soften the appearance of large solid walls. An attractive center is also good for business.
* Signage may be directly illuminated, but use of direct illumination of building features should be discouraged. High intensity lighting should be shielded to avoid direct visibility from residential areas.

Light and Extractive Industry
§ Visual Screening, Lighting and Signage
* Buffer noise and other adverse impacts from quarrying operations from adjacent urban uses, wildlife preserves and public roads by a combination of landscaped berms and setbacks.
* For light industrial buildings, buffer noise and other adverse impacts from parking, loading and service areas from adjacent urban uses, wildlife preserves and public roads by a combination of solid walls or berms and landscaped setbacks.
* Plant a landscape screen, consisting of trees and hedges, along roads fronting parking lots or garages.
* Visually screen storage areas for vehicles, equipment, and supplies from adjacent roads, wildlife preserves and urban uses by privacy walls and buildings, fronted by landscaping used to soften the appearance of large buildings and solid walls.

§ Drainage and Waste Material
* Stormwater runoff should be managed through application of Best Management Practices (BMPs) or contained or filtered onsite. To minimize the creation of impervious surfaces, alternatives to hardscape should be encouraged. There should be no discharge into adjacent wildlife preserves, water resources, sanitary sewage systems, or other urban use areas.
* Leachates from underground storage tanks or fill material should be prevented from migrating offsite, applying particularly stringent measures to sites near wildlife preserves.
* Litter and other waste material should be prevented from encroaching into adjacent sites through the use of landscaping as well as proper maintenance of the site.

Commercial and industrial areas are shown on Map A-2, Land Use, as follows:

§ Rural Community Commercial Centers. The Rural Community Commercial Centers of the rural communities of Waimanalo and Kahaluu are designated in red, with the designation “RC.”

§ Neighborhood Commercial Centers and Community Commercial Centers. The locations of Community Commercial Centers and Neighborhood Community Centers with an aggregate floor area of more than 50,000 square feet are designated in red with the designations “CC” and “nc.”

§ Regional Town Centers. The components of the Regional Town Centers of Kailua and Kaneohe are designated in red, with the designation “TC,” representing the general location, size and shape of the respective land areas.

§ Light and Extractive Industry. Industrial areas are designated in purple.

2.8 INSTITUTIONAL USES
2.8.1 Overview

Koolaupoko is home to several public and private institutional campuses. Its secondary school campuses are listed and discussed in Section 4.7. Table 3-8 lists other significant institutions.

The following general policies are applicable to institutional campuses:

§ New Campuses. The small increase in population forecast for 2020 in Koolaupoko does not warrant major new schools, hospitals, or similar institutions to serve these communities. Furthermore, establishment of a large institution in Koolaupoko for the purposes of creating additional employment in the region would be contrary to the General Plan policy to direct job growth to the Primary and Secondary Urban Centers. Therefore, no new institutional campuses are proposed in this plan.

§ Existing Campuses. Existing institutions may expand facilities and programs within the campuses they presently occupy. However, because the major institutions are located adjacent to significant scenic resources, the campuses should retain an open space character and buildings and facilities on the campus should be sited and designed to respect the scenic context.

The following planning principles apply to the expansion or renovation of existing institutional campuses:

§ Appropriate Scale and Architectural Style. Maintain consistency between the building mass of an institution and its campus setting. The architectural character of institutional buildings and structures should respect the surrounding urban and natural features, particularly when located adjacent to a residential area or significant natural or historic feature.

§ Environmental Compatibility. Encourage energy efficient features, such as the use of solar panels for heating water, and passive solar design, such as the use of window recesses and overhangs and orientation of openings to allow natural cross-ventilation. Also, resource conservation measures such as water flow constrictors and facilities for the sorting of waste materials for recycling should be incorporated in the design of new development.

The following guidelines are intended to implement the general policies and planning principles listed above.

§ Architectural Character and Building Massing
* Reflect in the site plan a campus-like environment with a relatively low building coverage ratio and low profile, emphasize attractive landscaping, including water features where appropriate.
* Vary the architectural character, depending on theme and purpose of the use. Portions of buildings that are adjacent to or readily visible from residential areas should reflect a more residential character; or be screened from view from such areas by landscaping.
* Building heights should not exceed two to three stories or 40 feet, including the roof form. Height setback transitions should be provided from street frontages, the shoreline, and adjacent residential areas.

§ Pedestrian, Bicycle, and Transit Facilities
* Provide street frontage improvements for bus stops, including a bus shelter and a pull-out off a traffic lane, along all abutting streets that have bus routes.
* There should be a pedestrian pathway from the bus stop to an entrance to the main building of the institution. The pathway should be clearly indicated with special paving or markings.
* Design and place bicycle racks to provide security and be visible from the main street or parking entry to the institution.

§ Visual Screening, Lighting and Signage
* Buffer the noise and other adverse impacts from parking, loading, and service areas from adjacent residential areas by a combination of solid walls or berms and landscaped setbacks.
* Plant a landscape screen, consisting of trees and hedges, along streets fronting parking lots or garages. Shade trees should be planted throughout parking lots.
* Visually screen storage areas for vehicles, equipment, and supplies from the street and adjacent lots by privacy walls and buildings, fronted by landscaping used to soften the appearance of large solid walls.
* Signage should be held to a minimum and nonilluminated or indirectly illuminated. Outdoor lighting should be shielded to avoid direct visibility from residential areas.

The general locations of existing larger institutions, such as intermediate and high schools, colleges, hospitals and correctional facilities, are indicated in blue representing the general location, size and shape of the institutional campus and symbols representing the type of institution. Elementary schools, churches, child care centers, fire stations, and other public facility and utility uses serving the area are not specifically designated on Map A-2, Land Use, but are allowed in all residential and commercial areas, subject to appropriate zoning controls to assure compatibility with surrounding uses.

2.9 MILITARY USES
2.9.1 Overview

Koolaupoko has two military installations: Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe (MCBH), on Mokapu Peninsula; and the Bellows Air Force Station in Waimanalo. In 1994, all of the Marine Corps landholdings and installations were consolidated under a single command at MCBH. This was in part a result of the decision to close the Barbers Point Naval Air Station (BPNAS) in Ewa, whose functions MCBH will absorb. In 1998, the Navy announced that Bellows would also come under this command.

For safety and security reasons, public access to the MCBH is restricted. The beach area at Bellows, which has been put to considerably less intensive military use in recent years, is available for public recreation use on weekends and holidays through an agreement with the City’s Department of Parks and Recreation. At present, Bellows serves as an occasional site for military exercises and training and a portion of the land near the shoreline is used as a recreation facility for military personnel. Native Hawaiians have lobbied for the return of Bellows to the State of Hawaii for the use of the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. However, in 1998, the Hawaii Air National Guard announced plans to develop a 40-acre portion of Bellows for a training academy, in part a result of the closure of BPNAS.

The following general policies are applicable to military uses:

§ Continuation of Military Uses. National defense objectives and budget priorities that are difficult to foresee determine the level of military presence. Nevertheless, the recent decision to consolidate the Marine Corps’ operations in Hawaii at MCBH and place Bellows under this command indicates the likelihood of a long-term commitment to military presence in Koolaupoko. This plan therefore assumes that MCBH and Bellows will remain under military control. However, portions of Bellows may be available for greater civilian use.

§ Release of Unused Lands to Civilian Use. The State of Hawaii should continue to pursue the release of surplus federal lands, including those at Bellows, for civilian use. When it is released, beachfront area should be reserved permanently for recreational use. Mauka areas could also be used for recreational purposes or for other purposes. However, any residential or commercial uses should be limited and constitute a minor portion of the total site area and be located outside of flood hazard areas and adjacent to existing similar uses.

§ Environmental Compatibility. Encourage energy efficient features, such as the use of solar panels for heating water, and passive solar design such as the use of window recesses and overhangs and orientation of openings to allow natural cross-ventilation. Also, resource conservation measures such as water flow constrictors and facilities for the sorting of waste materials for recycling should be incorporated in the design of new development.

§ Public Shoreline Access. Seek expanded public access to shoreline areas for recreation. At Bellows, the objective is to secure continuous management control over the beachfront area and campgrounds. At Mokapu, the objective is to secure expansion of current limited public access to certain portions of the Base for recreational purposes.

§ Architectural Character and Building Massing
* When buildings and structures are visible from an adjacent civilian use, their scale and design character should reflect that of the adjacent civilian use or be screened from view from such areas by landscaping.
* Building heights should not exceed two to three stories or 40 feet, including the roof form, except to meet specific mission-critical design requirements. Height setback transitions should be provided from street frontages, the shoreline, and adjacent residential areas.

§ Pedestrian, Bicycle, and Transit Facilities
* Provide street frontage improvements for bus stops, including a bus shelter and a pull-out off a traffic lane, along all abutting streets that have bus routes.
* There should be a pedestrian pathway from the bus stop to the main entrance to base. The pathway should be clearly indicated with special paving or markings.
* Design and place bicycle racks to provide security and be visible from the main street or parking entry.

§ Visual Screening, Lighting and Signage
* Buffer the noise and other adverse impacts from parking, loading, and service areas from adjacent residential areas by a combination of solid walls or berms and landscaped setbacks.
* For parking lot lighting, full cutoff fixture and low pressure sodium lights should be encouraged.
* Plant a landscape screen, consisting of trees and hedges, along streets fronting parking lots or garages. Shade trees should be planted throughout parking lots.
* Visually screen storage areas for vehicles, equipment, and supplies from the street and adjacent lots by privacy walls and buildings, fronted by landscaping used to soften the appearance of large solid walls.
* Signage should be nonilluminated or indirectly illuminated. Lighting should be shielded to avoid direct visibility from residential areas.

Portions of military lands that are occupied by identifiable urban uses, such as housing, commercial establishments and military buildings of an industrial character, are reflected on the map in the same way that comparable civilian uses are. Military lands used for training exercises, munitions storage or similar uses that have an open space character are represented in gray. Other lands under military control that have no specified use or that are designated as protected habitats are represented by the same color as Preservation areas under civilian control.

---

Footnote: 1 State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Na Ala Hele - Hawaii Trail and Access System Program Plan, May 1991.

---

Footnote: 2 See City and County of Honolulu Department of Land Utilization, Oahu Shoreline Study, Parts 1 and 2, (prepared by Sea Engineering, Inc.), 1988 and 1989.

---

Footnote: 3 Hawaii Wetland Management Policy Workgroup, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, State of Hawaii Department of Health, and Sarah Young, Hawaii Wetland Management Policy, April 1999.

---

Footnote: 4 State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan, July 1994.

---

Footnote: 5 Office of State Planning, Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program, Hawaii’s Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program Management Plan, Volume I, June 1996.

---

Footnote: 6 McAllister, J. Gilbert. Archaeology of Oahu, 1933, p. 57.

Land Use Policies, Principles, and Guidelines § 3-

---

Revised Ordinances