Revised Ordinances of Honolulu(Link to original Word Processing Version)
THE VISION FOR KOOLAUPOKO’S FUTURE This chapter expresses and describes the vision for Koolaupoko’s future, discusses the key
elements of the vision, and presents maps and tables. 1.1 VISION STATEMENT The vision and plan for Koolaupoko focuses on the long-term protection of community
resources and its residential character and the adoption of public improvement programs and
development regulations that reflect a stable population. 1.1.1 Protect Community Resources The Koolaupoko Sustainable Communities Plan provides a vision for preservation, conservation, and enhancement
of the region’s resources. Protect Natural and Scenic Resources. Significant scenic views of ridges, upper valley slopes, shoreline areas from major public parks, highways, coastal waters and hiking trails must be protected. Furthermore, access to shoreline areas and mountainous regions should be improved and provided for all to use.
Preserve Cultural and Historical Resources. These resources should be preserved by retaining visual
landmarks and significant views, protecting access rights relating to traditional cultural practices, and
preserving significant historic, cultural, and archaeological features from Koolaupoko’s past.
Preserve Agricultural Resources. Koolaupoko contains productive and potentially productive agricultural lands that should
be preserved by adopting protective regulatory policies and implementing incentives and programs to
promote active agricultural use of these lands.
Protect the Residential Environment of Neighborhoods. Preserve and enhance residential neighborhoods by improving
infrastructure (roads, sewer, drainage, transportation) and by creating appropriate densities and design guidelines
for residential communities. 1.1.2 Adapt to Changing Community Needs This vision for Koolaupoko extends to the year 2020. This is the horizon
that was used to project potential residential development capacity of the region. Between
1995 and 2020, Koolaupoko is projected to experience minimal population growth. According to
projections prepared in 1995 by the Planning Department, Koolaupoko’s population might be expected
to increase from about 117,700 in 1995 to approximately 122,100 by 2020, or
by less than one half of one percent per year. Population growth of
this magnitude is not expected to generate significant demand for additional residential or
commercial development in the region.
Although Koolaupoko is nearly built-out, it will be essential to improve and replace,
as necessary, the district’s aging infrastructure systems to increase capacity, improve operational performance
or extend the useful life of facilities. Infrastructure modifications may also be made
to enhance the quality of the urban, rural, neighborhood, or natural environment.
There will be a modest increase in new dwellings and modifications to the
region’s existing housing stock to accommodate the small expected increase in the number
of residents. As in other parts of Oahu, the proportion of elderly in
the population is growing. This is likely to induce changes in housing and
service needs in various ways. These changes to infrastructure systems and housing will
be incremental. 1.2 KEY ELEMENTS OF THE VISION The vision for Koolaupoko’s future will be implemented through the following key elements: · Adapt the concept of “ahupua‘a” in land use and natural resource management;
· Preserve and promote open space throughout the region;
· Preserve and promote agricultural uses and define boundaries for these areas;
· Preserve and enhance scenic, recreational and cultural features that define Koolaupoko’s sense of
place;
· Emphasize alternatives to the private passenger vehicle as modes for travel;
· Adapt housing and public works standards to community character and changing needs;
· Protect residential neighborhoods;
· Define and enhance existing commercial and civic districts; and
· Establish Urban Community, Rural Community, Agriculture and Preservation boundaries.
· Maintain the predominantly low-rise, low-density, single-family character of the urban fringe and rural
communities. 1.2.1 Adapt the Concept of “ Ahupua‘a ” in Land Uses and Natural Resource Management Prior to Western contact, Hawaiians managed the environment and organized their society through a land division system known as “ahupua‘a,” whose boundaries are similar to those of watersheds (see Figure 2-1). Pukui and Elbert provide the following definition of ahupua‘a: Land division usually extending from the uplands to the sea, so called because
the boundary was marked by a heap (ahu) of stones surmounted by an
image of a pig (pua‘a)
(See footnote 1) The ahupua‘a has also been described as follows: A principle very largely obtaining in these divisions of territory was that a
land should run from the sea to the mountains, thus affording to the
chief and his people a fishery residence at the warm seaside, together with
the products of the high lands, such as fuel, canoe timber, mountain birds,
and the right of way to the same, and all the varied products
of the intermediate land as might be suitable to the soil and climate
of the different altitudes from sea soil to mountainside or top.
(See footnote 2) The ahupua‘a system recognizes the interconnected relationship between land-based and marine-based natural
resources, focusing on streams as the connecting element between ridge and reef, especially
in an island environment. The ahupua‘a concept is still a useful concept for
managing the natural environment and fostering desirable community development, adapted to the context
of today’s community needs and technology. It also may be a logical foundation
for sub-planning areas in the future. Adapting and implementing the concept will require
significant cooperation and integration of efforts among the various units of government whose
jurisdictions encompass all or part of each ahupua‘a. In Koolaupoko, for example, natural wetlands and Hawaiian-built fishponds preserve wildlife habitat, filter pollutants from stormwater runoff, and provide flood protection. Over the years, the function of these wetlands and fishponds has become impaired by accelerated siltation and polluted runoff from urban development and agricultural activities. Some have vanished entirely due to deliberate filling. While the filling of wetlands and fishponds has been restricted for at least two decades, regulatory and management practices such as those recommended in the State of Hawaii’s Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (See footnote 3) should be implemented to promote more effective maintenance of these resources and deter land-based activities which contribute to their degradation. Existing wetlands and fishponds should be preserved and restored. In addition, the potential for creating new wetlands to detain and retain stormwater should be explored to protect flood-prone areas, increase infiltration, and reduce polluted runoff into streams, estuaries and nearshore waters.
Figure 2-1
Most of Koolaupoko’s native forests and other significant wildlife habitats are located within
the State Conservation District (see Figure 2-2). Nevertheless, the State Urban District and
State Agricultural District contain many natural habitats, such as stream segments and small
wetlands. In the State Urban District, responsible land use under the ahupua‘a concept
will require avoiding urban development in areas susceptible to land movement soil erosion
and sediment loss and using performance standards for the retention of sediment onsite
during and after development activities. In the State Agricultural District, it means implementing
best management practices in agricultural land use and operations.
The transition area between the Koolau Mountain Range and the urban and agricultural
uses in the valleys and on the coastal plain should be preserved as
a permanent greenbelt to serve as a natural, recreational and scenic resource conservation
area; to prevent inappropriate development or use which may cause hazards or other
undesirable environmental consequences downstream; and to provide opportunities for environmental and cultural research
and education.
OLE Object Here
1.2.2 Preserve and Promote Agricultural Uses and Open Space in Rural Areas
The preservation, continuation and potential expansion of agricultural land use is important to Koolaupoko’s future as a means to provide jobs and economic activity; offers the choice of a rural lifestyle proximate to a major metropolitan area; and maintains open space and a rural ambience in a section of the island that is famed for its natural beauty. To preserve and protect agricultural use in Koolaupoko, it will be necessary to sustain commercially successful operations, as well as subsistence or culturally-based farming. This, in turn, requires an understanding of the region’s strengths, future opportunities and challenges for commercially viable agriculture, especially considering that only a small fraction of total land area within the State Agricultural District on Oahu is presently in production. The region’s agricultural producers face competition from other regions of the island and the state, as well as imported products.
In 1977, the system for rating the relative productivity of agricultural lands known
as Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (or ALISH) classified
approximately 2,300 acres of Koolaupoko in the “Prime” category and 200 acres in
the “Unique” category.
(See footnote 4) These are the two highest ratings in this classification system.
“Other” agricultural lands in this rating system are those whose limiting characteristics require
certain investments -- such as added fertilizer or other soil amendments, drainage improvements,
erosion control practices and flood control -- to increase their productivity. The location
of these lands relative to the State Agricultural District boundary is shown in
Figure 2-3.
Due to historical, physical and economic factors, Koolaupoko’s agricultural operations consist primarily of
small farms.
(See footnote 5) Many people are attracted to the lifestyle of the small farms
in the region, pursuing agriculture for subsistence or supplemental income. However, rural areas
also attract those who are seeking a large residential lot with a “country”
ambience at a reasonable price. Land development, public works and environmental codes and
standards should be designed to prevent the gradual conversion of agricultural areas into
large-lot residential neighborhoods. The sustainability of agricultural uses will continue to be an
issue of concern in the ongoing planning process and in future reviews of
this plan.
Because of its wet climate and abundant perennial streams, Koolaupoko has traditionally been
one of Oahu’s principal regions for wetland taro cultivation and aquaculture, which in
turn has renewed interest in restoring the fishponds and ancient irrigation systems. To
varying degrees, Molii, Heeia and Kahaluu Fishponds are currently used for aquaculture; Kanohuluiwi
and Waikalua Fishponds have potential for aquacultural operations with minor restoration improvements. To
abet this potential, permanent instream flow standards should be established to maintain sufficient
quantity and quality of surface water to support fishpond operations and taro cultivation.
Educational tours of taro lo‘i and fishponds could also help support these traditional
agricultural activities.
Koolaupoko’s wet climate also favors it as a region for certain other products,
such as bananas, papayas and tropical flowers. Despite high rainfall, however, the lack
of a reliable and inexpensive source of irrigation water is an impediment to
agricultural uses in some areas. The State of Hawaii provides irrigation water at
reasonable rates to farmers in Waimanalo and in its Waiahole Valley agricultural park.
The State Commission on Water Resources Management’s 1997 decision to release a greater
amount of flow from Waiahole Ditch back to Windward streams makes more water
available for the potential expansion of taro and other crop production in the
northern valleys of the district.
Research facilities such as the University of Hawaii’s Waimanalo Agricultural Experiment Station, Windward
Community College, and a private fruit fly laboratory, also in Waimanalo, provide technical
advice to farmers in the region. State and federal agricultural agencies also lend
technical, financial and marketing support. The financial viability of commercial agricultural activity could
be strengthened by providing appropriately located centers for minor composting and supplies, designated
places for roadside vending and farmers’ markets, and information and referral centers for
potential customers and visitors. Composting facilities for green waste exist at Kapaa.
Figure 2-2 Wildlife Habitats Relative to State Conservation District Boundary
Other appropriate accessory uses including recreational or educational programs, or other uses consistent
with the character of a rural, agricultural area can provide supplemental income necessary
to sustain the primary agricultural activity. There should be a direct connection between
these activities and the maintenance of agricultural uses on the same properties.
Figure 2-3 Crop Farms and ALISH Classifications Relative to the State Agricultural District OLE Object Here 1.2.3 Preserve and Enhance Scenic, Recreational and Cultural Features that Define a Sense of
Place Koolaupoko is replete with striking topographic features, outstanding beaches and bays, lush valleys,
perennial streams and other natural features and landmarks that visually define a “windward”
sense of place. Views of ridgelines or upper slopes of coastal headlands and
mountains from the vantage point of coastal waters, major roads, parks and other
public places, some of which are identified in Figure 2-4, should be kept
free from land disturbance or the encroachment of structures or other projects that
would affect the scenic viewplanes.
Koolaupoko’s landscape includes many vestiges of its cultural past, including ancient fishponds fronting
Kaneohe Bay, terraces for the cultivation of taro, several heiau and other sacred
sites, and various remains of prehistoric habitation (see Figure 2-5). On a smaller
scale, there are also historic structures and places representing Koolaupoko’s more recent past.
To increase awareness of the role of the natural environment in Koolaupoko’s cultural
history, especially the importance of the ahupua‘a in defining activities and communities, historic
site restoration and interpretive programs should be integrated into the development and creation
of parks and shoreline and mountain access systems.
In addition, na wahi pana (the special and significant places) and na malae
(cultural complexes) of Koolaupoko should be appropriately identified and interpreted. Community-based cultural organizations
should be encouraged to develop programs that heighten appreciation for Koolaupoko’s na wahi
pana as na malae for na ahupua’a.
Figure 2-4 Significant Scenic Features and Viewplanes in Koolaupoko OLE Object Here
Figure 2-5
Streams should be made more physically and visually accessible as routes for pedestrians
or bicyclists, especially in urbanized areas. Existing maintenance easements or rights-of-way along several
streams and drainage channels could become public greenways with natural or additional landscaping
for this purpose.
Physical access to the shoreline and mountain areas should also be increased and
enhanced, especially along Kaneohe Bay between MCBH Kaneohe and Heeia Fishpond; along Kailua
Beach between Kailua Road and Kawainui Channel; and to beaches within the Marine
Corps Base Hawaii – Kaneohe. To maintain lateral access along public beaches the challenges
of long-term and seasonal erosion of the shoreline needs to be addressed. In
addition, the disposition of beach accretion should be reviewed as a statewide issue,
with the intent of making it public land in perpetuity.
Improved access to mountain areas can be achieved by developing the potential of
the Koolaupoko Trail Complex and the Waikane Trail. Complementary to this will be
the acquisition and development of cultural and nature parks in Haiku Valley and
Waikane Valley, where interpretive centers, vehicular parking and other facilities can be provided
near the trailheads. 1.2.4 Emphasize Alternatives to the Private Passenger Vehicle as Modes for Travel Most of Koolaupoko’s urban growth has occurred since the 1950’s in the form
of suburban “bedroom” communities, so there has been heavy reliance on automobile travel
for commuting and other trips. Trans-Koolau highways have been built and expanded to
accommodate this travel demand. The completion of the H-3 Freeway in 1997 further
provides service for commuter traffic, although its main purpose is for military mobility.
Highway improvement projects, however, exacted environmental costs that have diminished the quality of
life in the region. As an example, the widening of Kahekili Highway resulted
in increased volumes of polluted runoff; heat island effects and aesthetic impacts due
to the loss of and absence of shade trees in the right-of-way; and
visually obtrusive acoustical barrier walls to mitigate the impacts of higher levels of
vehicular noise on adjacent residences.
Current transportation plans call for additional highway widenings and interchange construction to facilitate
vehicular traffic flow, as described in Section 4.1.1. Nevertheless, there are several reasons
supporting a significant shift in the transportation policy for Koolaupoko. First, State highway
officials acknowledge that the H-3 Freeway has absorbed a much higher percentage of
the peak period trans-Koolau commuter traffic than had been anticipated, thereby substantially relieving
the other two trans-Koolau routes and the connections to them. Second, the congested
Leeward corridor and proposed new roadway network in the island's more rapidly urbanizing
regions should have much higher priority for the use of limited highway improvement
funds. Finally, emphasis on automobiles as the principal means of transportation is inconsistent
with other elements of the vision expressed in this Sustainable Communities Plan. Transportation
system improvements in Koolaupoko should be directed instead towards alternative travel modes, including
public transit and pedestrian and bicycle facilities.
1.2.5 Adapt Housing and Public Works Standards to Community Character and Changing Needs As described in Section 2.1, Koolaupoko’s modest projected increase in population will be housed by developing small-scale “infill” sites or additions to existing dwellings. Paradoxically, while the average household size has declined over the past couple of decades, there has been a concurrent trend toward multi-generational and “non-traditional” households and larger dwelling sizes on single-family residential lots as aging housing stock is replaced, expanded or remodeled. The incremental physical transformation can have adverse impacts on the character of mature residential neighborhoods. Zoning and public works standards should be amended to assure that appropriate building scale and quiet, attractive and safe streets will be maintained.
New, expanded or remodeled dwellings should be proportionate in size to their lot
area and the district in which they are located. The prevailing building-to-lot size
ratio should be lower than currently allowed in both urban and rural areas.
The prevailing building-to-lot size ratio should be lower in rural residential areas than
that allowed in urban residential areas. In all areas, single-family dwellings should have
pitched roofs with relatively wide overhangs in response to the warm, rainy climate
of the region.
Rear and side yard requirements should be increased. Design standards for streets and
front yards should recognize their importance in defining neighborhood identity and as places
for informal recreation and neighborly interaction. Landscaped front yards and pedestrian entries should
be visible from the street to promote a sense of neighborhood. A strong
visual relationship among neighborhood homes is also an effective measure to deter crime.
Along residential streets with wide roadways serving as through-routes, resulting in traffic speeds
which threaten pedestrian and bicycle safety and increase traffic noise, traffic calming measures
should be implemented. Examples include the use of intersection narrowing, speed tables and
similar measures to reduce traffic speed. Priority for such traffic calming should be
given to those residential streets of Kaneohe and Kailua where more conventional traffic
control measures, such as traffic signals and signage, have either failed to achieve
the desired results or have been resisted by residents of the area or
the responsible transportation agencies.
Some new housing will be developed as multi-family residential buildings to provide for
a choice in living environments, especially for the elderly population and smaller households.
Multi-family housing should be located in the existing town core areas of Kaneohe
and Kailua or should be located in other appropriately designated areas in this
plan and designed to reflect the suburban residential character of the surrounding neighborhood,
with low building profiles, pitched roof forms and ample yard landscaping. 1.2.6 Define and Enhance Existing Commercial and Civic Districts and Institutional Campuses General Plan policy discourages major new employment growth in this region. Any significant retail and office expansion in this region would not be consistent with the General Plan policy to direct job growth to the Primary Urban Center and Secondary Urban Center. Furthermore, given the small amount of population growth that is forecast for Koolaupoko, there is expected to be only modest growth in the demand for commercial land uses to support the communities of this region. Nevertheless, the continued viability of existing commercial districts and institutions is an important part of the vision for Koolaupoko because they provide a significant number of jobs for residents within the region and play an integral part in the region’s social and cultural life.
Koolaupoko’s commercial areas developed primarily in the 1950’s through the early 1980’s, concurrently
with the pace of suburban housing development. Typical of the suburban pattern of
this era, most of the region’s commercial development is oriented to the automobile.
On larger lots, commercial developments tend to follow the shopping center model. On
smaller lots fronting arterial highways, such as Kamehameha Highway in Kaneohe, the predominant
development form is “strip commercial.” In either case, commercial establishments are divorced from
the sidewalk and the streets and highways that front them are congested with
traffic as cars enter and exit from parking lots. There is no clear
distinction between the central commercial districts of Kaneohe and smaller, outlying community shopping
centers. In Kailua, the central business district is fairly clearly defined. However, both
business districts have clusters of civic uses on their edges that establish their
identities as regional town cores. Also, there are pockets within both districts -
especially in Kailua - where the development pattern resembles a traditional commercial street,
with storefronts and entries facing the public sidewalk.
Land use policy and public infrastructure investments should enhance the roles and identities
of the central business districts of Kailua and Kaneohe as the region’s principal
town centers. To make more efficient utilization of land as properties are redeveloped
or building areas are expanded and create more “walkable” districts, the town centers
should be confined to the areas presently zoned for commercial, light industrial and
civic uses and be treated as mixed-use zones. Although the commercial mixed-use areas
will allow development of projects with both commercial and multi-family residential uses, it
is not intended that such development will result in significant residential population increases
beyond those set forth by the General Plan’s population policies; nor is it
intended that commercial zoning be significantly reduced. Applications for rezoning to business mixed
use designations should be evaluated in this context.
There should be no expansion of commercial or industrial zoning or new civic
uses such as post offices, libraries, and government offices in outlying areas of
Kailua or Kaneohe. If civic buildings are added, expanded or remodeled, they should
be sited and designed in a manner which encourages pedestrian and transit access.
The pedestrian orientation of the town centers should be strengthened by implementing a
circulation plan that improves public sidewalks, links them with through-block walkways and parking
lots, and expands transit services and amenities.
Outside of the Kailua and Kaneohe central business districts, the smaller community-oriented shopping
centers and environs of Temple Valley, Windward City, Aikahi, and Enchanted Lake should
retain their suburban character and be limited to their present land area and
approximate floor area. Zoning for the light industrial area near Windward City should
allow a mix of commercial and industrial uses to reflect the actual pattern
of development in that area and establish a more desirable streetscape.
In the commercial districts of Waimanalo and Kahaluu, building scale and design character
should be appropriate to a rural area. The intent is to create and
retain a “village center” ambiance for these areas, where uses and activities such
as farmers’ markets and feed stores are a visible presence. Also, provisions should
be made for roadside vending for the sale of agricultural products in a
manner that is consistent with traffic safety and rural ambience.
To stimulate the revitalization of the town centers of Kailua and Kaneohe, land
use and zoning policy should prevent the introduction of “big box” retail stores
or shopping centers consisting predominately of discount or factory outlet stores within the
region. This type of commercial development often results in inappropriate building scale, localized
traffic and parking demand impacts, and the economic decline of existing businesses. Koolaupoko
does not yet have this type of commercial development, although the region’s population
is large enough to support at least one of these stores.
More favorable sites have been found for this type of commercial development in
Leeward and Central Oahu, where large development parcels are more readily available and
better situated to capture patronage from the island’s major population growth area. The
opening of the H-3 Freeway has also made these “value retail” stores more
accessible to Koolaupoko’s residents. Development of a “big box” store or discount center
would be inconsistent with the vision for Koolaupoko's future expressed in this Sustainable
Communities Plan; land use policy and zoning regulations should specifically prohibit retail and
warehouse businesses over 90,000 square-feet in size.
Koolaupoko currently has six major institutional campuses, including two colleges, two hospitals and
two correctional facilities. No new institutional campuses are envisioned for Koolaupoko, but minor
expansion or redevelopment within the existing grounds of the region’s major institutions is
expected to occur. Moreover, there should be more concerted attempts to integrate the
activities, income and employment generated by these institutional campuses into the life of
the Kaneohe and Kailua town centers. The principles and design criteria set forth
in Section 3.7 are intended to guide these changes. In addition, the application
of approved localized “urban design” criteria should be a major factor in redeveloping
and enhancing town and village centers.
1.2.7 Establish Urban Community, Rural Community, Agriculture and Preservation Boundaries Four types of boundaries have been established to guide development and preserve open
space and agricultural areas. These are the Urban Community Boundary, the Rural Community
Boundary, the Agriculture Boundary, and the Preservation Boundary. It is intended that these
boundaries will remain fixed through the 2020 planning horizon. They are intended to
help guide future development, redevelopment, and resource management within: existing zoning designations; future
zoning designations and other standards or guidelines that may be developed in response
to the provisions of this plan; other established entitlements; or in accordance with
pertinent policy and character described in this plan.
The purpose and intent of each of the four boundaries are described below:
2.2.7.1 Urban Community Boundary
The Urban Community Boundary is established to define and contain the intended extent
of urbanized or "built-up" areas to those districts designated as "urban fringe" by
the General Plan. The purpose is to accommodate modest increases in population, to
provide adequate lands for facilities or other groupings of built uses needed to
support established communities while protecting lands outside this boundary (and the Rural Community
Boundary) for agriculture and other resource and open space values. Areas within this
boundary characteristically include extensive tracts of residential, commercial, industrial or mixed-use development clearly
distinguishable from undeveloped or more "natural" portions of the region's environment. Urban Community
Boundaries may include lands designated "park," "agriculture," "preservation," or areas with development-related hazards
such as steep slopes or unstable soils; it is intended these areas will
not be developed with uses unsuitable to their designations or in ways that
may tend to exacerbate those hazards.
· Areas within the residential, apartment, commercial, industrial and mixed-use districts;
The Urban Community Boundary is intended to exclude the following areas:
The Rural Community Boundary is intended to confine most new development to “infill”
sites that are adjacent to existing developed sites. By discouraging sprawl, the more
compact form of development will help to achieve relatively lower site development costs,
more efficient utilization of existing infrastructure systems, and reduced reliance on the automobile
by making transit ridership, walking, and bicycling more feasible and attractive as modes
of travel.
· Areas in the residential, apartment, commercial, industrial and mixed-use districts;
The Rural Community Boundary excludes much of the State Urban District land in
the vicinity of Kahaluu where a predominately agricultural use pattern currently prevails.
The primary use of all lands within the Agriculture Boundary should be agriculture
or directly supportive of the agriculture industry. Exceptions include "institutional" uses, which must
be developed and operated to maintain compatibility with agricultural uses, and other non-urban
or non-rural uses such as waste disposal or quarry sites, which must also
demonstrate such compatibility.
The Agriculture Boundary is intended to include the following:
· Areas in the agricultural districts, except areas in the inventory of Hawaiian Memorial
Park and the Hawaii State Veterans' Memorial Cemetery, developed golf courses, and public
nature preserves or nature parks;
2.2.7.4 Preservation Boundary
The Preservation Boundary generally circumscribes undeveloped lands that:
· Are necessary for protection of watersheds, water resources and water supplies;
· Are necessary for the conservation, preservation and enhancement of sites with scenic, historic,
archaeological or ecological significance;
· Are necessary for providing and preserving park lands, wilderness and beach reserves, and
for conserving natural ecosystems of endemic plants, fish and wildlife, for forestry, and
other activities related to these uses;
· Are located at an elevation below the maximum inland line of the zone
of wave action, and marine waters, fishponds, and tidepools unless otherwise designated;
· Comprise offshore and outlying islands unless otherwise classified;
· Are generally characterized by topography, soils, climate or other related environmental factors that
may not be normally adaptable or presently needed for urban community, rural community,
or agriculture use;
· Have general slopes of 20 percent or more which provide for open space
amenities and/or scenic values;
· Are susceptible to floods and soil erosion, lands undergoing major erosion damage and
requiring corrective attention, and lands necessary to the protection of the health, safety
and welfare of the public by reason of soil instability or the lands'
susceptibility to landslides and/or inundation by tsunami and flooding;
· Are used for state or city parks outside the Urban Community and Rural
Community boundaries; or
· Are suitable for growing of commercial timber, grazing, hunting, and recreation uses, including
facilities accessory to such uses when such facilities are compatible with the natural
and physical environment.
The Preservation Boundary is intended to include the following:
· Areas within the State Conservation District and other areas within the preservation district
but not located within the Urban Community, Rural Community or Agriculture boundaries as
described above; The Preservation Boundary excludes such features, sites or areas located within the Urban Community, Rural Community or Agriculture boundaries.
Footnote: 1Pukui and Elbert, Hawaiian Dictionary, 1986. Footnote: 2In Re: Boundaries of Pulehunui, 4 Haw. 239, 241 (1879). Footnote: 3Office of State Planning, Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program, Hawaii’s Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program Management Plan, Volume 1, June 1996. Footnote: 4 Harold L. Baker, Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii, University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, 1977. Footnote: 5 Decision Analysts Hawaii, Inc., Koolaupoko Planning District, Oahu: Agricultural and Aquacultural Resources and Activities, (prepared for the City and County of Honolulu Planning Department), May 1998. The Vision for Koolaupoko's Future § 2- |