Revised Ordinances of Honolulu(Link to original Word Processing Version. Maps and other exhibits are only viewable in word processing version.)
Effective Date: October 21, 1997
EWA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. LAND USE POLICIES, PRINCIPLES, AND GUIDELINES 24-36.23
5. IMPLEMENTATION 24-36.98
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF EXHIBITS
APPENDIX A: CONCEPTUAL MAPS
1. EWA'S ROLE IN OAHU'S DEVELOPMENT PATTERN
Ewa plays a key role in implementing the directed growth policies of the
General Plan of the City and County of Honolulu. Campbell Industrial Park opened
in the early 1960's, bringing industry and jobs to the Leeward Coast which
previously had been predominantly a sugar economy and plantation lifestyle. In the 1970's,
residential growth began in Ewa with the development of Makakilo and Ewa Beach.
In 1977, the Honolulu City Council approved a new General Plan which designated
Ewa as the location for a secondary urban center for Oahu to be
centered in the Kapolei area. The secondary urban center was to be the
focus of major economic activity and housing development, and a center for government
services. While the General Plan promotes full development of the Primary Urban Center,
it also encourages development of the secondary urban center at Kapolei, and residential
development of the urban fringe areas in Ewa and Central Oahu.
This update of the Ewa Development Plan reaffirms that role and amplifies how
the role can be accomplished. In support of the General Plan policies, the
Ewa Development Plan:
! Provides a secondary employment center with its nucleus in the City of Kapolei
to supplement the Primary Urban Center (PUC) and to divert commuter traffic from
the PUC;
! Concentrates primary employment activities at industrial and resort areas and at government service
and higher education centers around the City of Kapolei so that secondary markets
are created for office and retail activities;
! Provides for significant residential development throughout Ewa, consistent with the General Plan to
meet the needs of Oahu's citizens;
! Provides for a variety of housing types from affordable units and starter homes
to midsize multifamily and single family units;
! Promotes diversified agriculture on prime agricultural lands along Kunia Road and surrounding the
West Loch Naval Magazine in accordance with the General Plan policy to support
agricultural diversification in all agricultural areas on Oahu;
! Provides a secondary resort area at West Beach (Ko Olina);
! Helps relieve urban development pressures on rural and urban fringe Development Plan Areas
(Waianae, North Shore, Koolauloa, and Koolaupoko) so as to preserve the "country" lifestyle
of these areas; and
! Provides, along with the PUC, a focus for directed and concentrated public and
private infrastructure investment for growth.
Exhibit 1.1
This chapter presents a statement of the vision for Ewa's future, discusses the
key elements of the vision, and presents illustrative maps and tables.
2.1 VISION STATEMENT
The Vision to 2020. By 2020, the Ewa Development Plan Area shown above
in Exhibit 1.1 will have experienced tremendous growth, and will have made significant
progress toward providing a Secondary Urban Center for Oahu. Population will have grown
from 43,000 people in 1990 to almost 125,000. Nearly 28,000 new housing units
will have been built in a series of master planned communities.
Job growth will be equally impressive, rising from 17,000 jobs to over 64,000
in 2020. Oahu residents and visitors will be attracted to Ewa by a
new university campus, the Ko Olina resort, ocean and waterfront activities at Ewa
Marina, a major super regional park, and a thriving City of Kapolei which
has retail and commercial establishments and private and government offices.
Beyond 2020. In the course of the Development Plan revision, it became clear
that there was value in looking beyond 2020 to identify what Ewa should
look like when "fully" developed.
Such a perspective helped identify where open space should be preserved within the
urbanized area, where the rapid transit corridor should be located, and where to
set the limits to development in Ewa for the foreseeable future. As such,
this second horizon might be called the "built-out" horizon and is probably 40
or 50 years in the future.
Creation of an Open Space Network
Within the Urban Growth Boundary, Ewa will be built around a regional system
of open space and greenways so that Ewa has the feel of a
network of communities "within a garden," as opposed to an unbroken suburban sprawl
from Ko Olina to Ewa Beach.
Residents of these communities will enjoy easy access to the ocean through two
major marinas, numerous beaches and a shoreline walkway from Ko Olina to Ewa
Beach. Those interested in boating and ocean fishing will be able to use
marina facilities and boat ramps at Ko Olina, Kalaeloa, and Ewa Marina.
Residents will be able to easily access beaches and swimming and surfing spots
all along the entire Ewa coastline by road or a network of pedestrian
paths and bikeways. Linear shoreline access will be provided along the coast from
Ko Olina to Ewa Beach. At its center will be a major new
regional park and recreation complex at Kalaeloa (on the former Barbers Point Naval
Air Station) which will provide access to the ocean and beaches as well
as offering significant active and passive recreation facilities.
A network of greenways will link the communities together, with landscaping along major
roads such as Kapolei Parkway, North-South Road, and Fort Weaver Road, and pedestrian
and bike paths along grassed drainageways and utility corridors.
Development of the Secondary Urban Center
At the heart of the Secondary Urban Center will be the City of
Kapolei with an urban mix of commercial, office and residential uses. By 2020,
it is projected that the City of Kapolei will house over 7,000 residents
and provide work sites for 25,000 private jobs and 5,000 City and State
jobs (located at the City's Civic Center). The City Center will become a
regional commercial center, attracting customers from all parts of Oahu.
Many of the jobs in the City of Kapolei will be supported by
development of the University of Hawaii West Oahu campus which is expected to
have 7,600 students and 800 staff and faculty by 2020. Continued expansion of
industrial uses at Campbell Industrial Park, Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor, and Kapolei
Business Park; and growth of the Ko Olina Resort and Ewa Marina to
include over 3,700 visitor units by 2020 will also provide basic jobs which
will support office and commercial jobs in the City of Kapolei.
Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
Natural resources will be conserved through retaining natural drainageways, protecting valuable plant and
wildlife habitats, and by conserving potable water through development of a nonpotable water
system for irrigation and industrial use and reuse of sewage effluent.
Cultural and historical resources will be preserved by retaining visual landmarks and significant
views, and by preserving significant historic, cultural, and archaeological features from Ewa's past.
Building Communities
The master plans and design of new developments must demonstrate how they would
create communities which interact with and support the vision for development of the
entire Ewa region.
These communities must be designed to meet the needs of a wide range
of families and age groups. Ample housing should be provided for families needing
affordable units and starter homes as well as for those seeking large multi-family
and single-family units. Housing for persons of all ages will be needed, including
students going to school at the UH - West Oahu campus, young families
seeking their first home, and senior citizens wanting a retirement home close to
their grandchildren.
Separate identities should be created for existing and planned communities by utilizing concepts
such as open space, architectural design concepts, streetscape treatments and landscaping which also
is linked to the regional open space and greenway network.
Communities Designed to Reduce Automobile Usage
High density housing and commercial development will be built along a rapid transit
corridor extending from the City of Kapolei to Waipahu. The high density residential
and commercial uses centered at nodes along the corridor will support efficient use
of buses and other forms of mass transit along the corridor, allowing some
residents to minimize automobile use.
Sufficient land will be reserved in the corridor so that an at-grade separated
rapid transit system could be developed on the corridor at some point in
the future. (An at-grade separated system would not be elevated and would have
its own exclusive right-of-way.)
Adequate Infrastructure to Meet the Needs of New and Existing Development
Public agencies' planning for infrastructure needs will be guided by where the Development
Plan indicates residential and commercial development should occur first. See the discussion of
Phasing in Section 2.2.10.
2.2 KEY ELEMENTS OF THE VISION
! The Urban Growth Boundary,
! Retention of Prime Agricultural Lands,
! The Network of Open Space and Greenways,
! A continuous Shoreline Park along the Ewa coastline,
! A major Regional Park and Recreation Complex at Kalaeloa (at the former Barbers
Point Naval Air Station),
! The Secondary Urban Center,
! A Network of Master Planned Residential Communities, including a Revitalized Ewa Villages,
! Communities designed to support nonautomotive travel,
! A Rapid Transit Corridor,
! Conservation of Natural Resources,
! Preservation and Enhancement of Cultural Resources, and
! Phased Development to Ensure Adequate Infrastructure.
Each of these elements is discussed below.
2.2.1 URBAN GROWTH BOUNDARY
Boundary Description. The mauka portion of the boundary follows the Shoreline Management Area
boundary around Kahe Point, runs along the northern boundary of the proposed Makaiwa
Hills Phase II project and the existing Makakilo development, and then follows the
proposed extension of Makakilo Drive to the H1 Freeway. It then follows the
H1 Freeway to the intersection with Kunia Road and then up Kunia Road
to the boundary between the Central Oahu Development Plan and Ewa Development Plan
Areas.
The makai portion of the boundary encloses the blast zone for the West
Loch Naval Magazine.
Protection for Prime Agricultural Land. The Urban Growth Boundary protects prime agricultural lands
along Kunia Road from urban development for the foreseeable future, providing an incentive
for landowners to give long-term leases to farmers. No proposals for urban uses
will be considered outside the Urban Growth Boundary.
Open Space Network. Within the Urban Growth Boundary, significant acreage will be retained
in open space in parks, wildlife habitats, golf courses, and natural and grass-lined
drainageways. (Of the estimated 23,000 acres within the Urban Growth Boundary, over 6,000
acres or 27 percent of the acreage will be in open space.)
Exhibit 2.1
As shown in Table 2.2, almost 8,400 acres are available for residential development;
almost 800 acres for retail and office development; and nearly 1,250 acres for
industrial development. Providing this capacity allows for competition and promotes more affordable residential,
commercial, and industrial development. Development will be approved in phases to match the
provision of infrastructure.
It should be noted that a portion of the lands indicated for development
are in the State Agriculture Land Use District, and will have to be
approved for transfer to the State Urban District by the State Land Use
Commission before they can be developed.
2.2.2 RETENTION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS
These high value lands are located in two areas: lands mauka of H1
Freeway and on the Waianae side of Kunia Road, and lands in the
Blast Zone of the West Loch Naval Magazine. State agencies indicated that these
prime agricultural lands should have the highest priority for retention of all the
prime agricultural lands in Ewa.
These 3,000 acres have been rated, in the most authoritative studies, as potentially
among the most productive lands for diversified agriculture in the State. The State
Department of Agriculture's November 1977 study, Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State
of Hawaii (Revised), indicates that the Kunia lands and a portion of the
Magazine lands are "prime" agricultural lands which generally produce the largest yields and
the best quality crops for the least expenditure of energy. The University of
Hawaii Land Study Bureau's December 1972 bulletin, Detailed Land Classification - Island of
Oahu, rated productive capacity of the Kunia lands as either A or B
and the Magazine lands as B or C (An A rating was given
to the highest productivity lands and E was given to the lowest.)
These prime agricultural lands have unique advantages in weather, soil productivity, infrastructure, water
availability from the Waiahole Ditch, and access to the local markets of Honolulu
and to export markets through Honolulu International Airport.
Successful agricultural operations are currently being pursued on the former sugar lands in
the Kunia area, including vegetables, melons, and other truck crops. In addition, the
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association research facility at the corner of H-1 and Kunia
Road is conducting studies on vegetable crops and forage to help diversified agricultural
activities in the area. The Navy plans to request proposals for agricultural activities
on its lands surrounding the Naval Magazine in the near future.
By protecting agricultural lands from urban development, an opportunity is created for retention
and development of diversified agriculture on small farms and agricultural parks. Publicprivate partnerships
will be needed to solve problems of lease terms and tenure, access to
capital, research, and marketing if this vision is to be realized.
2.2.3 OPEN SPACE AND GREENWAYS
Table 2.1 lists the major components of the Ewa Open Space and Greenways
Network.
TABLE 2.1: EWA OPEN SPACE AND GREENWAYS NETWORK
Natural Gulches and Drainageways
Shoreline Areas
Continued on next page
Regional and District Parks
Golf Courses
Greenway Corridors
! connects existing and planned communities through a system of linear greenbelts, consisting of
drainage, transportation, and utility corridors,
! creates separate identities for existing and planned communities through use of landscape buffers,
golf courses, wildlife preserves, agricultural lands, regional parks, and other large open spaces
at the urban edges.
An important new element in the Ewa Open Space and Greenways Network will
be an Ewa Shoreline Park that will stretch along the Ewa coastline from
Pearl Harbor to Ko Olina. It will be anchored by a major Regional
Park and Recreation Complex planned at Kalaeloa (at the former Barbers Point Naval
Air Station).
2.2.4 KALAELOA REGIONAL PARK AND RECREATION COMPLEX AND
The Kalaeloa Center is envisioned as a major nucleus of community and economic
activity, attracting visitors from all of Oahu. To be developed on surplus lands
at Barbers Point Naval Air Station, it will feature a regional park and
commercial sports and recreation facilities. Taking advantage of its extensive land resources, cultural
sites, and spectacular ocean setting, it will offer extensive community-oriented recreation facilities, commercial
recreation enterprises, and public facilities. Ocean recreation areas at Kalaeloa will feature coastal
lands providing a setting for ocean sports, beach activities, picnicking and family camping.
Future development of the area should also include a sports recreation complex and
possible replacement facility for the Aloha Stadium. A sports recreation complex should be
developed to sustain and support a professional and semi-professional baseball team and baseball
fields for use by the community. In addition, a new sports facility to
replace Aloha Stadium should be identified through a community based planning process, in
conjunction with the major landowners in the area. Both facilities should meet the
necessary infrastructure needs for the area.
2.2.5 SECONDARY URBAN CENTER
! A major office, retail, and residential center at the City of Kapolei (projected
to have over 25,000 jobs by 2020),
! A Secondary Civic Center with main headquarters for some State and City agencies
(projected to have over 5,000 jobs),
! A major resort destination area at Ko Olina (projected to have 2,700 hotel
units and 600 resort condo units of the 4,000 visitor units permitted),
! A deep draft harbor and major industrial center at Campbell Industrial Park/Barbers Point
(projected to have over 7,000 jobs),
! Civilian reuse of Barbers Point Naval Air Station compatible with the rest of
Ewa (projected to have almost 6,000 jobs), and
! The University of Hawaii West Oahu (projected to have 800 faculty and staff
and 7,600 students).
See the Ewa Urban Land Use Map in Appendix A.
An Enterprise Zone could be used in the area in order to promote
and support job development by offering businesses tax incentives to develop within a
zone.
2.2.6 MASTER PLANNED RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITIES
These master plans will incorporate planning principles and guidelines to preserve historic and
cultural values, establish open space and greenway networks, and create welldesigned, livable communities.
2.2.7 COMMUNITIES DESIGNED TO SUPPORT NONAUTOMOTIVE TRAVEL
A Rapid Transit Corridor will link the City of Kapolei, the Villages of
Kapolei, the UH West Oahu campus, and Waipahu. High density residential development will
be built along the corridor within walking distance of the major nodes and
transit stops.
High density residential and commercial development will be developed at six transit nodes
whose general locations are indicated on the Public Facilities Map in Appendix A.
Transit nodes are meant to be located at activity focal points which would
serve as natural points for transferring from one transportation mode to another.
Through 2020, it is projected that transit service along the corridor will be
provided by mass transit bus service running on roadways shared with other vehicles.
However, sufficient right-of-way shall be reserved for the establishment, when needed in the
future, of a separated at-grade rapid transit system. Such a system will require
a 28-foot right-of-way along the route and a 75-foot right-of-way at transit station
sites (at the transit nodes).
! Developing a dual water distribution system with potable water for drinking and other
clean water uses and nonpotable water for irrigation and industrial use;
! Designing the regional drainage and wastewater treatment system to minimize nonpoint source pollution
of the ocean and Pearl Harbor; and
! Protecting valuable habitats for endangered waterbirds located in Batis Salt Marsh at Ewa
Marina and in the West Loch of Pearl Harbor and for endangered plants
located within Barbers Point Naval Air Station and elsewhere.
See Exhibit 3.2 in Chapter 3 for a mapping of key natural resources.
2.2.9 PRESERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF HISTORIC AND CULTURAL RESOURCES
! Preserving significant historic features from the plantation era and earlier periods, including:
[] The Ewa Villages and other remnants of the plantation era,
[] The OR&L rightofway,
[] Lanikuhonua, and
[] Native Hawaiian cultural and archaeological sites; and by
! Retaining visual landmarks and significant vistas, including:
[] Distant vistas of the shoreline from the H1 Freeway above the Ewa Plain,
[] Views of the ocean from Farrington Highway between Kahe Point and the boundary
of the Waianae Development Plan Area,
[] Views of the Waianae Range from H1 Freeway between Kunia Road and Kaloi
Gulch and from Kunia Road,
[] Views of na pu'u at Kapolei, Palailai, and Makakilo,
[] Mauka and makai views, and
[] Views of central Honolulu and Diamond Head.
2.2.10 PHASED DEVELOPMENT
! Increased land supply to support economic development and job creation and to accommodate
major residential growth with an emphasis on providing affordable housing and a diversity
of housing types;
! Moderate growth of commercial centers in Urban Fring e Areas to primarily serve the
needs of the surrounding residential communities;
! Phasing of Residential and Commercial development to support development of the Secondary Urban
Center. See the Ewa Phasing Map in Appendix A and Table 2.2 below;
! Ade quate Facilities Requirements as a condition for zoning approval to ensure that development
does not outpace infrastructure development; and
! Coordinated PublicPrivate Infrastructure and Project Development that supports the directed growth strategy of
the General Plan. Examples of project development include construction of the State and
City offices in the Kapolei Civic Center, and development of the University of
Hawaii West Oahu Campus.
Table 2.2 shows the approximate land area and number of housing units of
projects shown on the Land Use Map and Phasing Map in Appendix A.
The projects are categorized by the time period or Phase in which they
can apply for a zoning change.
It is important to emphasize that these projects are not necessarily expected to
be completed within the phase in which they are listed. It is expected
that housing development activities at many projects would continue for ten years or
more after the initial zoning approval, and that over half of the projected
housing supply would be provided after 2005.
The table shows the projected number of housing units and the approximate gross
acreage by land use category for previously approved and proposed projects. These represent
general indicators of the land areas involved and possible densities. In determining actual
land uses and densities, project planning and design and review of project zoning
change applications should be directed by the planning principles and guidelines provided in
Chapters 3 and 4.
Proposed Projects
2,000
418
8,700
1,600
1,100
4,000
6,300
118
72
354
200
150
350
300
40
85
370
82
14
10
20
10
114
13
1,020
30 (5)
114
200
350
300
3. LAND USE POLICIES, PRINCIPLES, AND GUIDELINES
The vision for development of Ewa described in the preceding chapter will be
implemented through application of land use general policies, principles, and guidelines.
PAGE
3.1 Open Space Preservation and Development 24-36.23
3.1 OPEN SPACE PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT
! Provide long-range protection for diversified agriculture on lands outside the Urban Growth Boundary,
! Protect scenic views and provide recreation,
! Define the boundaries of communities,
! Provide a fire safety buffer where developed areas border "wildlands" either in preservation
areas within the Urban Growth Boundary or in the State Conservation District, and
! Create linkages between communities through a network of Greenways along transportation and utility
corridors and drainageways.
! Visual and Physical Definition of Urban Areas. The large expanses of open space
beyond the Urban Growth Boundary should provide the basic definition of the regional
urban pattern. Within the Urban Growth Boundary, the open space system should visually
distinguish and physically separate individual communities, neighborhoods, and land use areas in Ewa.
! Passive and Active Open Spaces. The open space system shall consist of areas
in active use, as well as passive areas. Active areas include parks, golf
courses and agricultural fields. Passive areas include the State Conservation District, fallow land
in the State Agriculture District, drainage and utility corridors. Shoreline areas may be
either active or passive.
! Creation of Open Space Network. The various types of open space should be
linked as an open space network, with major open space areas connected by
open space corridors along transportation routes, utility corridors, and drainageways.
! Dual Use of D rainageways and Utility Corridors. To create the regional open space
network, drainageways and utility corridors should be viewed as opportunities to link major
open spaces with pedestrian and bike paths along open space corridors. To accommodate
such uses, where possible, drainageways should be retained as natural or man-made vegetated
channels rather than be replaced by concrete channels.
! Accessibility of Recreational Open Space. Public parks and most golf courses will be
accessible for recreation use, but the open space system should also promote the
accessibility of shoreline and mountain areas (as required by City Ordinance).
3.1.3 RELATION TO OPEN SPACE MAP
Mountain and Agricultural Areas. These are the areas outside of the Urban Growth
Boundary, including areas within the State Conservation District.
Natural Gulches and Drainageways. Gulches in the hillside areas within the Urban Growth
Boundary are indicated for preservation, as well as the Kaloi Gulch drainage channel.
Shoreline Areas. The proposed lateral public easement/access along the shoreline is indicated by
a dotted line. Nearshore, coastaldependent uses and features such as beach parks and
wetlands are indicated as parks and preservation areas, respectively.
Parks. Only islandwide, regional and district parks are shown. Community and neighborhood parks
are part of the open space system, but they are generally too small
to display on a regional map and their location is determined more by
community facility design considerations (see Section 3.3 below) than by their relationship to
the regional open space network.
Golf Courses. All golf courses are shown, whether public or private, since their
visual contribution to the open space system is the same.
Greenways or Open Space Corridors. These corridors are indicated on the map following
certain public rightofways which are extensive enough to make a significant contribution to
the regional open space network as a linear connector.
3.1.4 GUIDELINES
3.1.4.1 Mountain Areas
! Public access, including vehicular access from Makakilo Drive to trail heads and public
campgrounds, should be acquired and maintained.
! Dedication of vehicular access to trail heads and public campgrounds from a collector
street in the Makaiwa Hills area should be required when that area is
developed.
! At higher elevations, in the State Conservation District, the forest should be maintained.
Utility corridors and other uses should avoid disturbance to areas with high concentrations
of native species.
! Endangered species habitats and other important ecological zones should be identified and protected
from threats such as fire, weeds, feral animals and human activity.
3.1.4.2 Natural Gulches and Drainageways
! Planned improvements to the Ewa drainage systems should be integrated into the regional
open space network by emphasizing the use of retention basins and recreational access
in the design approach. (See Chapter 4, Section 4.6 below.)
3.1.4.3 Shoreline Areas
! Where a lateral public easement along the shoreline is available or planned, the
distance between access points may be increased. However, the intervals should generally not
exceed one mile and vehicular parking spaces and limited facilities for waste disposal
and potable water supply should be available at the access points.
! Nearshore wetlands and mangroves should be maintained and enhanced, where necessary, as wildlife
habitats.
! Private and public landowners should coordinate efforts to create continuous shoreline easements to
ensure the maximum feasible degree of lateral public access.
! Lateral shoreline access along the Ewa Marina coastline and a pathway providing continuous
public access around the Ewa Marina waterway should be provided.
! At a minimum, a 60-foot setback should be provided along the shoreline, and
should, where possible, be expanded to 150 feet.
3.1.4.4 Agricultural Areas
! Facilities to support limited outdoor recreation use, such as camping, horseback riding and
hiking, should be permitted in areas where agricultural use is not feasible.
! Residential use should be permitted only to the extent that it is accessory
to the agricultural use. Where several dwellings are planned as part of an
agricultural use, they should be sited and clustered to avoid the use of
more productive agricultural lands and to reduce infrastructure costs.
! Buildings and other facilities that are accessory to an agricultural operation should be
designed and located to minimize impact on nearby urban areas and arterial roads
and major collector streets.
3.1.4.5 Parks
! Sites for regional parks at Pu'u Kapolei and Pu'u Palailai include prominent landforms
that should be maintained as a natural visual feature and regional landmark.
3.1.4.6 Golf Courses
! Safe public access should be provided through golf courses, as necessary, for regional
pedestrian and bicycle routes.
! Golf courses should be designed to provide view amenities for adjacent urban areas,
including public rightsofway.
! When screening is necessary for safety reasons, landscape treatment, setbacks and modifications to
the course layout should be used rather than fencing or solid barriers.
3.1.4.7 Wildland - Urban Fire Hazard Setbacks
3.1.4.8 Greenways and Open Space Corridors
! When overhead transmission lines are located within or adjacent to a road rightofway,
there should be sufficient width to permit the growth of landscaping adjacent to
the transmission line, consistent with all applicable operations, maintenance, and safety requirements. The
purpose of the landscaping is to divert attention from the overhead lines and,
preferably, obscure views of the overhead lines from the travelway and adjacent residential
areas.
! The use of utility easements for pedestrian and bicycle routes should be permitted,
consistent with all applicable operations, maintenance, and safety requirements.
! The rightsofway for major arterials and major collector streets should be designed as
landscaped parkways or greenways, complete with a landscaped median strip, landscaped sidewalk, and
bikeways. Major arterials should have separate bike paths, and major collectors should have
bike lanes. Suggested width for major arterials, including right-of-way and planting strips, is
120 feet wide and for major collectors is 100 feet wide.
3.2 REGIONAL PARKS AND RECREATION COMPLEXES
3.2.1 GENERAL POLICIES
Regional Parks. The new Kalaeloa Regional Park at the present Barbers Point Naval
Air Station will feature a large shoreline park with beach recreation and support
facilities; a wide range of activity areas including athletic fields in the mauka
lands; and preserves for wildlife habitats, wetlands and endangered plant colonies. The Park
will encompass mostly undeveloped lands, bordered by the shoreline on the south, the
airfield and developed portions of the facility to the north and west, and
the existing military golf course and future Ewa Marina golf course to the
east. Key elements of the Park are as follows:
! The Park will include and preserve two wetland areas and an endangered plant
preserve that have been recommended for preservation by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
! Proposed uses for the mauka areas include a Hawaiian cultural park, continuation of
the existing riding stable, cabin and tent camping, archery, and various other passive
and active recreation uses. The site could also accommodate a baseball complex.
! The Park will also provide access to a continuous shoreline easement extending from
the Ewa Marina development to Ko Olina.
Kapolei Regional Park is a 73-acre park which includes the Pu'u o Kapolei.
The Park will serve as a defining limit for the northeastern edge of
the City of Kapolei and as a visual gateway to the City. The
park will provide diverse active and passive recreation within easy walking distance of
both the City Center and the Villages of Kapolei.
Pu'u Palailai Park will be located below Makakilo, and is to be a
nature park. It will offer hikers excellent views of the Ewa Plain and
distant views of Honolulu and Diamond Head.
Existing beach and shoreline parks are located at Tracks, Kahe Point, Barbers Point,
One'ula, Ewa Beach, and West Loch.
Two future beach parks are planned at both ends of Ko Olina. The
larger park at the northern end of the resort will provide for picnicking
and other passive recreation. A park at the southern end will provide direct
access to one of the four swimming lagoons. A boat launching ramp, which
will be available for public use, will be located adjacent to the southern
park, and will provide access to the marina channel.
Golf Courses. Ewa has seven public and private golf courses, and there are
plans for five more. The City's courses include the West Loch and Ewa
Villages golf courses. The Ewa Village course which will open in the spring
of 1996 also provides flood protection and storm water detention for Ewa Villages.
Private golf courses include the Hawaii Prince, Puuloa, Kapolei, and Ko Olina golf
courses. The U.S. military operates a golf course at Barbers Point Naval Air
Station, (BPNAS) and will continue to do so after BPNAS is returned to
civilian control. The Ewa-Gentry golf course is scheduled to begin construction in 1997,
and additional golf courses are planned for Ko Olina Resort, Makakilo, and Ewa
Marina.
Golf courses can provide protection for open space, and help reduce flooding and
nonpoint pollution by helping retain storm waters. Golf course development should be approved
only after determination that the course meets social, growth, economic, and environmental guidelines
and approval of a community integration program.
Recreation Complexes. Sports and recreation complexes designed to attract visitors from throughout the
region and the rest of Oahu have been proposed for a number of
areas in Ewa. Proposals for a Kalaeloa Center on surplus lands at Barbers
Point Naval Air Station call for creation of an "Olympic Village" type international
training center, a baseball training facility, a rowing water course, a motorsports center,
and a water theme park. Such complexes should be designed to be compatible
with surrounding land uses and environmental features.
3.2.2 PLANNING PRINCIPLES
! Appropriate Scale and Siting. Architectural elements and siting should be used to heighten
the visibility of a major recreation events area as it is approached from
principal travel corridors.
! Environmental Compatibility. Uses that generate high noise levels should be located and operated
in a way that keeps noise to an acceptable level in existing and
planned residential areas. The built environment should avoid adverse impacts on natural resources
or processes in the coastal zone or any other environmentally sensitive area. To
retain a sense of place, the design of recreation areas should incorporate natural
features of the site and use landscape materials that are indigenous to the
area where feasible.
! Community Integration. The design of recreational attractions may have a distinct identity and
entry, but there should be elements that link these destinations with surrounding areas
through the use of connecting roadways, bikeways, walkways, landscape features or architectural design.
3.2.3 GUIDELINES
3.2.3.1 Islandwide and Regional Parks
! Facilities for tent and cabin camping should be provided within the new park
at Barbers Point Naval Air Station in the major recreational area that includes
a beach park.
! Other beach and shoreline parks should be located throughout the Ewa coastline. Planned
beach parks include one at either end of the Ko Olina shoreline. One'ula
Beach Park will be expanded as part of the Ewa Marina project.
! Sites for regional parks at Pu'u Kapolei and Pu'u Palailai include prominent landforms
that should be maintained as a natural visual feature and regional landmark. (See
the Parks Map, Exhibit 3.1 above.)
3.2.3.2 Sports and Recreation Complexes
! Parking areas for sporting events should provide amenities and service facilities to accommodate
"tailgate" picnics, as well as nearby picnic tables and outdoor grills.
Transportation Facilities
! Bus stops should be located at all principal activity areas.
Views
! The visual identity of the complex should be established through distinctive architecture, landscaping,
or natural setting.
Landscape Treatment
! In large parking lots, canopy trees should be used to provide shade. Special
paving or pavement markings could be used to indicate pedestrian routes to destinations
and differentiate sections of the parking area.
Natural Environment
3.2.3.3 Siting
! Change in the location of an island-wide park or a golf course shall
require a City review and approval process, such as the Plan Review Use
process, which provides adequate public notice and input, complete technical analysis of the
project, and approval by the City Council. Approval of changes in size and
configuration may be done administratively.
! Funding for new park facilities shall be committed according to the priority for
development of the area surrounding the park location, as indicated on the Phasing
Map in Appendix A.
! Regional sports and recreation complexes may be located on the Barbers Point Naval
Air Station after it is returned to civilian use, on the fringes of
the City of Kapolei, and in areas designated for commercial or park use,
subject to a City review and approval process, such as the Plan Review
Use process, which provides public review, complete analysis, and approval from the Department
of Planning and Permitting and the City Council.
3.3 COMMUNITY-BASED PARKS
3.3.1 GENERAL POLICIES
New residential development should strive to provide land for open space and recreation
purposes at a minimum of two acres of park per 1,000 residents. Community-based
parks (and associated service radius) include mini-parks (1/4 mile), neighborhood parks (1/2 mile),
community parks (one mile), and district parks (two miles).
Based on these standards, an additional 76 acres of community-based parks and recreation
areas should be developed to meet the needs of the projected 2020 Ewa
population.
Access to recreational resources in the mountains, at the shoreline, and in the
ocean should be protected and expanded. Trails to and through natural areas of
the gulches and mountains are an important public recreational asset. Some areas are
difficult to access because of landowner restrictions. New development projects are an opportunity
to provide public access to trail heads from the streets extending toward the
mountain slopes or approaching the edges of the gulches. In addition, the City
should support other efforts to expand access to mountain and gulch trails in
areas where urban development will not occur.
3.3.2 GUIDELINES
3.3.2.1 Development of CommunityBased Parks
! The Department of Parks and Recreation should coordinate the development and use of
athletic facilities such as swimming pools and gymnasiums with the State Department of
Education (DOE) where such an arrangement would maximize use and reduce duplication of
function.
! Where feasible, the Department of Parks and Recreation should site Community and Neighborhood
Parks at the center of neighborhoods, in order to maximize accessibility.
! Development master plans should provide accessible pathways from surrounding streets to facilitate pedestrian
and bicycle access to all features in parks.
3.3.2.2 Access to Mountain Trails
3.3.2.3 Siting
! Community and neighborhood parks are part of the open space system, but their
location is determined more by community facility design considerations than by their relationship
to the regional open space network. Siting of Community and Neighborhood Parks should
be reviewed and decided at the time the Project Master Plan is submitted,
prior to the granting of a zone change.
! Funding for new park facilities should be committed according to the priority for
development of the area surrounding the park location, as indicated on the Phasing
Map in Appendix A.
3.4 HISTORIC AND CULTURAL RESOURCES
3.4.1 GENERAL POLICIES
Significant historic features from the plantation era and earlier periods should be preserved.
Whenever possible, significant vistas should be retained.
Exhibit 3.2 indicates the locations of a number of these historic and cultural
resources which are also listed below in Table 3.1.
3.4.2 PLANNING PRINCIPLES
The following planning principles should be used to determine appropriate treatment:
! Preservation and Protection. Some historic, cultural, or archaeological sites have high preservation value
because of their good condition or unique features. Such sites are recommended for
in situ preservation and appropriate protection measures.
! Views of the ocean from Farrington Highway between Kahe Point and the
boundary of the Waianae Development Plan Area;
! Views of the Waianae Range from H1 Freeway between Kunia Road and
Kaloi Gulch and from Kunia Road;
! Views of na pu'u at Kapolei, Palailai, and Makakilo;
! Mauka and makai views; and
! Views of central Honolulu and Diamond Head.
! Compatible Setting. The context of an historic site is usually a significant part
of its value. Care should be taken in the planning and design of
adjacent uses to avoid conflicts or abrupt contrasts that detract from or destroy
the physical integrity and historic or cultural value of the site. The appropriate
treatment should be determined by the particular qualities of the site and its
relationship to its physical surroundings.
! Accessibility. Public access to an historic site can take many forms, from direct
physical contact and use to limited visual contact. The degree of access should
be determined by what would best promote the preservation of the historic, cultural
and educational value of the site, recognizing that economic use is sometimes the
only feasible way to preserve a site. In some cases, however, it may
be highly advisable to restrict access to protect the physical integrity or sacred
value of the site.
! Public Views. Public views include views along streets and highways, mauka-makai view corridors,
panoramic and significant landmark views from public places, views of natural features, heritage
resources, and other landmarks, and view corridors between significant landmarks. The design and
siting of all structures should reflect the need to maintain and enhance available
views of significant landmarks. Whenever possible, overhead utility lines and poles that significantly
obstruct public views should be relocated or placed underground.
3.4.3 GUIDELINES
3.4.3.1 OR&L Historic Railway
! Preferably, the route would extend from Ko Olina to Waipahu. If this is
not feasible, preservation efforts should focus on restoring the historic rail link between
Ewa Villages and Waipahu, with a terminus at the Waipahu Cultural Garden.
Adaptive Reuse
! There should also be a parallel paved bikeway along the length of the
rail route, either within or adjacent to the rightofway. The bikeway should be
provided even in those sections where the railroad itself is not operational.
Adjacent Uses
! Landscaping should be provided along the adjacent bikeway, with occasional rest stops with
seating and other amenities.
! Railroad station platforms, maintenance and equipment buildings, kiosks and other accessory structures with
a period architectural theme, as well as parking and loading areas should be
permitted in the railroad rightofway and setback area.
Public Access
! Interpretative signs along the route should explain the historic significance of the railroad
and note points of interest.
3.4.3.2 Lanikuhonua
! The landscaped character of the grounds and their physical and visual relationship to
the shoreline environment should be maintained.
! The sense of place should be perpetuated by using the site for Hawaiian
cultural events.
Adaptive Reuse
! Commercial use of the site should be occasional rather than intensive, and events
should be limited to lowkey entertainment.
Architectural Character
! Coconut palms should be the dominant tree on the grounds, with other complementary
coastal vegetation, preferably native species such as hala and ilima.
! The visual relationship between the grounds and the shoreline, particularly the natural cove,
should be maintained.
Adjacent Uses
! The visual identity of Lanikuhonua as a unique site apart from Ko Olina
should be maintained by the dense growth of tall palm trees.
! Public access along the shoreline fronting Lanikuhonua should be provided, but not in
as formal a manner as Ko Olina.
Public Access
3.4.3.4. Native Hawaiian Cultural and Archaeological Sites
! The preservation method, ranging from restoration to "as is" condition, should be determined
on a sitebysite basis, in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer.
Adjacent Uses
! Criteria for adjacent use restrictions should include sight lines that are significant to
the original purpose and value of the site.
Public Access
3.5 CITY OF KAPOLEI
The former Ewa Development Plan included specific development objectives, principles, and standards to
guide development approvals for the City of Kapolei.
This revised Ewa Development Plan incorporates key policies, planning principles, and guidelines for
the City of Kapolei from the former Development Plan, as well as from
the City of Kapolei Urban Design Plan approved by the City Council by
resolution in 1995, and the Unilateral Agreement adopted as part of the zoning
ordinance in 1990. Under the Unilateral Agreement, any proposed revisions or updates to
the Urban Design Plan are to be submitted to the City Council for
its review and approval every two years. (The Urban Design Plan applies only
to Campbell Estate's properties covered by the Unilateral Agreement.)
3.5.1 GENERAL POLICIES
The City of Kapolei should have a balanced mix of business and residential
areas, complemented by the recreational, social and cultural activities of a city. Mixed
use should be permitted and encouraged throughout most of the City area, in
order to achieve the diversity and intensity of uses that characterize a city.
The City of Kapolei is envisioned to be a true city, encompassing a
full range of urban land uses, and laid out in small blocks connected
by a grid system of public streets. Exhibit 3.3 illustrates the street pattern
and the planned land uses by district.
3.5.1.1 Districts
! The City Center should be the high density core of the city. Larger
office towers should be the predominant form of development in this district, with
shopping and restaurants at ground level. The inclusion of apartments within some of
the towers should also be encouraged to establish a more dynamic mix of
uses and help to maintain an active urban environment in the area.
! The Commercial District should accommodate commercial uses which require a large lot area
for all related activities and convenient offstreet parking, with most if not all
spaces located at ground level. Building spaces should generally cover a relatively small
portion of the lot (e.g., 25 percent or less).
Examples of possible uses include shopping centers, power centers, theaters, auto dealerships, discount
retail outlets, furniture stores, and home improvement centers.
! The Civic Center should feature City and State offices in an urban park
setting where people and activities are highlighted. The Center should be much like
a university campus in the heart of a city, with a balance between
built forms and usable landscaped spaces, and between active and passive uses.
[] In the commercial emphasis mixed use areas, retail development (shopping, restaurants, services, etc.)
should be encouraged to locate along the street front, with required parking located
behind the building or above the ground floor. Offices may also be located
on the ground floor, as well as on upper floors. Housing, when provided,
should be located above the ground floor.
[] In residential emphasis mixed use areas, the primary use should be multifamily dwellings.
Commercial uses to meet the shopping and service needs of the neighborhood's residents
should be encouraged to locate at ground level.
! The Village Center District should be the local shopping district for residents living
in the Residential District makai of the Kapolei Parkway, as well as people
living and working in the Mixed Use District on the mauka side of
the Parkway.
! The Resi dential District, located makai of Kapolei Parkway, should feature multi-family housing units
in a series of distinct neighborhoods tied together by a network of pedestrian
and bicycle paths.
3.5.1.2 Key Open Space Elements
Kapolei Regional Park should be the major park for both the City of
Kapolei and the surrounding region. It should also function as both the City's
mauka edge and as a visual gateway to the City. As a strong
activity node with a variety of recreational opportunities, it should reinforce the image
of Kapolei as a place where people can lead an active, healthy lifestyle.
The park should provide opportunities to participate in a diversity of recreational activities.
Facilities should be included to allow users to bike, walk, hike and jog,
and to play volleyball, soccer, football, baseball, and tennis. Multiuse open space should
also be available for picnicking, sunbathing and relaxing.
Facilities for public concerts and gatherings, such as an amphitheater and pavilions, as
well as amenities for broader use and enjoyment, such as a formal garden,
restaurants and water features, should also be included to help generate both day
and evening activity in and around the park.
The makai edges of the park adjacent to the City's downtown should be
designed to ensure a strong relationship between City and park. The various structures
in this area and elsewhere in the park should be designed to ensure
compatibility and integration with adjacent commercial uses.
Wai Aniani Way should function as a major open space axis and amenity
within the most central and highest density area of the City. It connects
the Regional Park and Civic Center, and should provide the central spine for
the City Center district.
The corridor should be wide enough to provide a genuine sense of open
space, yet not so wide as to disconnect developments on opposite sides from
each other.
Canopy shade trees, ample landscaping, seating and water features should be prominent elements
of the design in order to create a comfortable atmosphere and promote the
idea of Kapolei as a garden city.
Palailai Mall should provide an open space cross axis to Wai Aniani Way,
extending maukamakai and connecting the City's residential sector to the heart of Kapolei's
business district.
Canopy shade trees and benches, etc. should be provided as appropriate to establish
the mall's character as a pleasant landscaped path for pedestrian circulation.
Extensive interaction between pedestrians and the activities in adjoining buildings, and the establishment
of a "shopping promenade" character, should be fostered by encouraging the location of
kiosks, sidewalk cafes, retail shops, and other peopleoriented activities within and along the
edges of the mall.
Village Walk should provide an informal pedestrian spine for the City's residential area,
with connections to the Civic Center, the makai end of Palailai Mall, and
the neighborhood park located at the corner of Fort Barrette and Renton Roads.
Landscaping, seating, and other furniture should be provided and arranged in a manner
which establishes a pleasant atmosphere for informal gatherings of neighbors, as well as
for movement through the area.
Both pedestrians and bicyclists should be accommodated in a manner which minimizes conflicts.
3.5.2 PLANNING PRINCIPLES
! A Hawaii Garden City. A city within a garden, in the style of
long- established Hawaii communities, is to be created. The garden is distinguished by
major parks and boulevards with trees, flowers, and abundant ground cover.
! Healthy Living. The garden city is to provide the setting for and encourage
a healthy, outdoor, and active lifestyle through the interlacing of recreational facilities within
the fabric of the entire city. These are to be connected by bike
and walking paths.
! Complete Community Services. The theme of healthy living is to be supported by
medical/health/fitness services and facilities. The City of Kapolei is also to serve the
surrounding region with entertainment, cultural and religious facilities, State and City government offices,
and other city activities.
! Easy Access. Within the garden city, attractive paths for walking and biking should
allow for convenient access between homes, jobs, and recreational areas.
! Design Reflecting the Past but Adaptable to the Needs of the Present and
Future. Building design in the City of Kapolei should reflect both the charm
and more intimate human scale that characterizes the business districts of traditional Hawaii
towns such as Hilo, and the market forces and functional needs that shape
the architecture of presentday and future business centers.
! Environmental Sensitivity. Resource conservation should be emphasized in the design of both the
overall city center and its individual parts. The network of bike and walking
paths, combined with the concentration of uses which make urban life convenient, should
encourage people to leave their cars at home. While landscaping should be abundant,
only plants which require relatively little water should be used.
! Transit Access and Orientation. A transit node should be located near the Civic
Center and City Center, and high density residential uses should be encouraged within
a five-minute walking distance of the node. Uses adjoining the node should be
designed so that they face toward the node, encouraging pedestrian traffic to flow
to and from the node.
As part of the Development Plan vision for a transit corridor linking the
City of Kapolei, Waipahu, and the Primary Urban Center, higher density residential and
commercial development should be encouraged around the City of Kapolei transit node and
the transit corridor on Kapolei Parkway, superseding lower densities included in the City
of Kapolei Urban Design Plan and the Unilateral Agreement | ||||||||||||||||||||