Revised Ordinances of Honolulu

(Link to original Word Processing Version)


Chapter 32

BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS

Articles:
    1.    Purpose
    2.    Scope
    3.    Definitions, Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols
    4.    Compliance
    5.    Electric Power
    6.    Lighting
    7.    (Reserved)
    8.    Building Envelope
    9.    Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
    10.    Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Equipment
    11.    Service Water Heating Systems and Equipment
    12.    Energy Management
    13.    Building Energy Cost Budget Method
    14.    Low-rise Residential Roof Heat Gain Requirements

Article 1.  Purpose

Sections:
    32-1.1    Purposes.
    32-1.2    Conflict with other laws.

Sec. 32-1.1    Purposes.
    The purposes of this code are to:
    (1)    Set minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design of new buildings so that they may be constructed, operated, and maintained in a manner that minimizes the use of energy without constraining the building function or the comfort or productivity of the occupants; and

    (2)    Provide criteria for energy-efficient design and provide methods for determining compliance with these criteria.
(Added by Ord. 94-75)

Sec. 32-1.2    Conflict with other laws.
    Where this code is found to conflict with health, safety or environmental codes, including the building code, the health, safety and environmental codes shall prevail. (Added by Ord. 94- 75)

Article 2.  Scope

Sections:
    32-2.1    Applicability of code.
    32-2.2    When code not applicable.
    32-2.3    Other exemptions.
    32-2.4    Historic buildings.
    32.2.5    Rules.

Sec. 32-2.1    Applicability of code.
    This code sets forth design requirements for the efficient use of energy in new buildings and new construction in existing buildings; provided that the standards for renovated buildings shall apply only to that portion of the buildings being renovated and only to that section of the system or the elements in the renovated portion of the building, as further defined in this code. This code applies to buildings or portions of buildings that provide facilities or shelter for human occupancy. The requirements apply to building envelope; distribution of energy; and systems and equipment for ventilating, air conditioning, service water heating, lighting, and energy managing. (Added by Ord. 94-75)

Sec. 32-2.2    When code not applicable.
    This code does not apply to:
    (1)    Areas of buildings intended primarily for manufacturing or for commercial or industrial processing;
    (2)    Buildings or separately enclosed identifiable areas having any combination of dedicated space heating, service water heating, ventilating, air conditioning and lighting systems whose combined peak design rate ofnonrenewable energy usage for these purposes is less than 1.0 watt/ft2 or 3.413 Btu/h-ft2 of gross floor area. Site-generated wind, hydro or solar electric power is exempt;
    (3)    Buildings of fewer than 100 ft2 of gross floor area; and
    (4)    Low-rise residential buildings as exempted under ASHRAE 90.1, except as provided in Article 14.
(Added by Ord. 94-75; Am. Ord. 01-46)

Sec. 32-2.3    Other exemptions.
    Where specifically noted in this code, certain other buildings or elements of buildings may be exempt. (Added by Ord. 94-75)

Sec. 32-2.4    Historic buildings.
    A historic building on either the state or National Register of Historic Places may be exempt from portions of the code if the department of land and natural resources, historic preservation division determines that the historic nature of the building will be harmed through application of reasonable compliance measures.
(Added by Ord. 94-75)

Sec. 32-2.5    Rules.
    In accordance with HRS Chapter 91, the director and building superintendent may adopt rules having the force and effect of law for the implementation, administration and enforcement of this chapter, including rules regarding the applicability of this chapter to renovations of existing buildings covered by this chapter. (Added by Ord. 94-75)

Article 3.  Definitions, Abbreviations, Acronyms

and Symbols


Sections:
    32-3.1    Definitions.

Sec. 32-3.1 Definitions.
    Unless otherwise expressly stated, whenever used in this code, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

    Accessible (as applied to equipment): admitting close approach; not guarded by locked doors, elevation, or other effective means. See also readily accessible.
    Adjusted lighting power: lighting power, ascribed to a luminaire(s), that has been reduced by deducting a lighting power control credit based on use of an automatic control device(s).
    Air conditioning, comfort: treating air to control its temperature, relative humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the comfort requirements of the occupants of the conditioned space. Some air conditioners may not accomplish all of these controls.
    Ambient lighting: lighting that produces general illumination throughout an area.
    Area factor (AF): a multiplying factor which adjusts the base unit power density (UPD) for spaces of various sizes to account for the impact of room configuration on lighting power utilization.
    Automatic: self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some impersonal influence, such as a change in current strength, pressure, temperature or mechanical configuration. See also manual.
    Ballast: a device used with an electric-discharge lamp to obtain the necessary circuit conditions (voltage, current, and wave form) for starting and operating.
    Ballast efficacy factor -- fluorescent: the ratio of the ballast factor expressed as a percent to the power input in watts, at specified test conditions.
    Ballast factor: the ratio of a commercial ballast lamp lumens to a reference ballast lamp lumens, used to correct the lamp lumen output from rated to actual.
    Ballast losses: the power (watts) consumed internally by the ballast components.
    Base unit power density (Pb): the maximum allowed power density, in W/ft2, for the listed areas/activities of an ideal space prior to area factor adjustment.
    Boiler capacity: the rated heat output in Btu/h of the boiler, at the design inlet and outlet conditions and rated fuel/energy input.
    British thermal unit (Btu): approximately the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water from 59 degrees Fahrenheit to 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
    Building energy cost: the computed annual energy cost of all purchased energy for the building, calculated using the methods of Article 13 of this code.
    Building envelope: the elements of a building that enclose conditioned spaces or spaces intended primarily for human occupancy, through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior or to or from unconditioned spaces.
    Building type: the classification of a building by usage, as follows:
    (1)    Assembly. A building or structure for the gathering together of persons, such as auditoriums, churches, dance halls, gymnasiums, theaters, museums, passenger depots, sports facilities and public assembly halls.
    (2)    Health and institutional. A building or structure for the purpose of providing medical treatment, confinement or care, and sleeping facilities, such as hospitals, sanitariums, clinics, orphanages, nursing homes, mental institutions, reformatories, jails, and prisons.
    (3)    Hotel/motel. A building or structure for transient occupancy, such as resorts, hotels, motels, barracks, dormitories.
    (4)    Multi-family. A building or structure containing three or more dwelling units. See dwelling units.
    (5)    Office (business). A building or structure for office, professional, or service-type transactions, such as medical offices, banks, libraries and governmental office buildings.
    (6)    Restaurant. A building or a structure for the consumption of food or drink, including fast food, coffee shops, cafeterias, bars, and restaurants.
    (7)    Retail (mercantile). A building or structure for the display and sale (wholesale or retail) of merchandise, such as shopping malls, food markets, auto dealerships, department stores, and speciality shops. See also retail establishments.
    (8)    School (educational). A building or structure for the purpose of instruction, such as schools, colleges, universities and academies.
    (9)    Warehouse (storage). A building or structure for storage, such as aircraft hangers, garages, warehouses, storage buildings and freight depots.
    (10)    Light manufacturing. A facility where products are assembled with minimal use of process energy and whereconditioning for human comfort is provided throughout the majority of the facility.
    Check-metering: measurement instrumentation for the supplementary monitoring of energy consumption (electric, gas, oil, etc.) to isolate the various categories or energy use to permit conservation and control, in addition to the revenue metering furnished by the utility.
    Code: the building energy efficiency standards of the city.
    Coefficient of performance (COP) -- cooling: the ratio of the rate of heat removal to the rate of energy input in consistent units, for a complete cooling system or factory- assembled equipment, as tested under a nationally recognized standard or designated operating conditions.
    Coefficient of performance (COP), heat pump -- heating: the ratio of the rate of heat delivered to the rate of energy input, in consistent units, for a complete heat pump system under designated operating conditions.
    Coefficient of utilization (CU): the ratio of the luminous flux (lumens) from a luminaire calculated as received on the work plane to the luminous flux emitted by the luminaire's lamps alone.
    Combined thermal transmittance values (Uo). See thermal transmittance, overall.
    Conditioned floor area: the area of the conditioned space measured at floor level from the interior surfaces of the walls.
    Conditioned perimeter: the building perimeter at each floor or building level that is conditioned or capable of being conditioned.
    Conditioned space: a space within the building which, by introduction of conditioned air, by cooled surfaces, or by air or heat transfer from directly conditioned spaces, is maintained at temperatures less than or equal to 5 degrees Fahrenheit below design conditions at summer outside design conditions.
    Connected lighting power (CLP): the power required to energize luminaires and lamps connected to the building electrical service, in watts.
    Control loop, local: a control system consisting of a sensor, a controller, and a controlled device.
    Cooled space: an enclosed space within a building which is cooled by a cooling system whose sensible capacity:
    (1)    Exceeds 5 Btu/h-ft2, or
    (2)    Is capable of maintaining space dry bulb temperature of 5 degrees Fahrenheit below design conditions or less at design cooling conditions.
    Daylight sensing control (DS): a device that automatically regulates the power input to electric lighting near the fenestration to maintain the desired workplace illumination, thus taking advantage of direct or indirect sunlight.
    Daylighted perimeter: the building perimeter at each floor or building level at windows or within three feet of windows.
    Daylighted space: the space bounded by vertical planes rising from the boundaries of the daylighted area on the floor to the floor or roof above.
    Daylighted zone:
    (1)    At vertical glazing. The area adjacent to vertical glazing which receives daylighting from the glazing. Unless more detailed daylighting analysis is provided for purposes of this definition, the daylighting zone depth is assumed to extend into the space a distance of 15 feet or to the nearest opaque partition, whichever is less. The daylighting zone width is assumed to be the width of the window plus either three feet on each side, or the distance to an opaque partition, or one- half the distance to an adjacent skylight or vertical glazing, whichever is least.
    (2)    Under skylights. The area under each skylight whose horizontal dimension in each direction is equal to the skylight dimension in that direction plus either the floor to ceiling height or the dimension to an opaque partition, or one-half the distance to an adjacent skylight or vertical glazing, whichever is least.
    Dead band (dead zone): the range of values within which an input variable can be varied without initiating any noticeable change in the output variable.
    Default assumption: the value of an input used in a calculation procedure when a value is not entered by the designer.
    Degree day, cooling: a unit, based upon temperature difference and time, used in estimating cooling energy consumption. For any one day, when the mean temperature is more than a reference temperature, typically 65 degrees Fahrenheit, there are as many degree days as degrees Fahrenheit temperature difference between the mean temperature for the day and thereference temperature. Annual cooling degree days (CDD) are the sum of the degree days over a calendar year.
    Degree day, heating: a unit, based upon temperature difference and time, used in estimating heating energy consumption. For any one day, when the mean temperature is less than a reference temperature, typically 65 degrees Fahrenheit, there are as many degree days as degrees Fahrenheit temperature difference between the mean temperature for the day and the reference temperature. Annual heating degree days (HDD) are the sum of the degree days over a calendar year.
    Demand (electric): the rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment; expressed in kilowatts, kilovoltamperes, or other suitable units at a given instant or averaged over any designated period.
    Design conditions: the exterior and interior environmental parameters specified for air conditioning and electrical design for a facility.
    Design energy consumption (DECON): the computed annual energy consumption of a proposed building design.
    Design energy costs (DECOS): the computed annual energy cost of a proposed building design.
    Directly conditioned space: a space within the building that is deliberately cooled, dehumidified, or humidified by the introduction of conditioned air or by cooled surfaces so as to maintain conditions for an acceptable thermal environment within the space as set forth in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-l98l.
    Dwelling unit: a single housekeeping unit comprised of one or more rooms providing complete, independent living facilities for one or more persons including permanent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation.
    East: surfaces that face within 45 degrees from true east.
    Efficiency, HVAC system: the ratio of the useful energy output (at the point of use) to the energy input in consistent units for a designated time period, expressed in percent.
    Emergency system (backup system): a system that exists for the purpose of operating in the event of failure of a primary system.
    Enclosed space: a space within a building which is completely separated from the outside or from other spaces within the building by roofs, ceilings, floors, walls, doors and/or windows. A space not meeting these criteria is consideredunenclosed space. A space with windows or doors normally open during occupied periods is considered unenclosed.
    Energy: the capability for doing work; having several forms that may be transformed from one to another, such as thermal (heat), mechanical (work), electrical, and chemical.
    Energy, recovered. See recovered energy.
    Energy cost: the annual cost of energy by unit and type of energy.
    Energy cost budget (ECB): the maximum allowable computed annual energy cost for a proposed building.
    Energy efficiency ratio (EER): the ratio of net equipment cooling capacity in Btu/h to total rate of electric input in watts under designated operating conditions. When consistent units are used, this ratio becomes equal to COP. See also coefficient of performance.
    Energy management system: a control system designed to monitor the environment and the use of energy in a facility and to adjust the parameters of local control loops to conserve energy while maintaining a suitable environment.
    Enthalpy: a thermodynamic property of a substance defined as the sum of its internal energy plus the quantity Pv/J, where P = pressure of the substance, v = its volume, and J = the mechanical equivalent of heat; formerly called total heat and heat content.
    Exterior envelope. See building envelope.
    Exterior lighting power allowance (ELPA): the calculated maximum lighting power allowance for the exterior area of a building or facility, in watts.
    Fenestration: the term used for any light-transmitting section in a building wall or roof. The fenestration includes glazing material, which may be glass or plastic; framing, mullions, muntins, and dividers; external shading devices; internal shading devices, and integral (between-glass) shading systems.
    Fenestration area: the total area of fenestration measured using the rough opening and including the glass or plastic sash and frame.
    Floodlighting: a lighting system designated to light a broad area.
    Footcandle (fc): the unit of illuminance when the foot is taken as the unit of length. It is the illuminance on a surface one square foot in area on which there is a uniformly distributed flux of one lumen, or the illuminance produced on a surface allpoints of which are at a distance of one foot from a directionally uniform point source of one candela.
    Free area for ventilation: the total area through which air can pass in vents or operable windows. Typical values (as percent of glass area) are 100 percent for hinged windows and 50 percent for slider windows.
    General lighting: lighting designed to provide illumination throughout an area, exclusive of any provision for special local requirements.
    Gross exterior wall area: the gross area of exterior walls as measured on the exterior and consisting of the opaque wall including between-floor spandrels, peripheral edges of flooring and window areas, including sash and door areas but excluding vents, grilles, and pipes.
    Gross floor area: the sum of the floor areas of spaces within the building, including basements, mezzanine and intermediate-floored tiers, and penthouses of head room height 7.5 feet or greater. It is measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the center line of walls separating buildings (excluding covered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar spaces, pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, chimneys, roof overhangs, and similar features).
    Gross lighted area (GLA): the sum of the total lighted areas of a building measured from the inside of the perimeter walls, for each floor of the building.
    Gross roof area: the gross area of a roof assembly measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the center line of walls separating buildings. The roof assembly shall be considered to include all roof/ceiling components through which heat may flow between indoor and outdoor environments, including skylights but excluding service openings.
    Habitable space (room): space in a structure for living, sleeping, eating or cooking. Bathrooms, toilet compartments, closets, halls, storage or utility space, and similar areas, are not considered habitable space. See working space.
    Heat: the form of energy that is transferred by virtue of a temperature difference or of a change in state of a material.
    Heat capacity (Hc): the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a given mass one degree. Numerically, the mass multiplied by the specific heat. See wall heat capacity.
    Heat trap: A heat trap consists of a bent piece of tubing which forms a loop of 180 degrees, an arrangement of pipe fittings, such as elbows, connected so that the inlet and outletpiping make vertical runs just before turning downward to connect to the water heater's inlet and outlet fittings, a commercially available heat trap, or any other type which effectively restricts the natural tendency of hot water to rise in the vertical pipe during standby periods.
    High-rise residential building. See residential building, high-rise.
    Horizontal glazing: glazing (such as a skylight) which lies within 60 degrees of horizontal. Glazing which stands greater than 60 degrees from horizontal is considered vertical glazing.
    Humidistat: an automatic control device responsive to changes in humidity.
    HVAC system: the equipment, distribution network and terminals that provide either collectively or individually the processes of heating, ventilating, and/or air conditioning to a building.
    HVAC system efficiency. See efficiency, HVAC system.
    Illuminance: the density of the luminous flux incident on a surface. It is the quotient of the luminous flux multiplied by the area of the surface when the latter is uniformly illuminated.
    Insolation: the rate of solar energy incident on a unit area with a given orientation.
    Integrated part-load value (IPLV): a single number figure of merit based on part-load EER or COP expressing part-load efficiency for air conditioning and heat pump equipment on the basis of a weighted average of efficiencies at operation at various partial-load capacities for the equipment.
    Interior lighting power allowance (ILPA): the calculated maximum lighting power allowed for an interior space of a building or facility, in watts.
    Interior unit lighting power allowance -- prescriptive: the allotted interior lighting power for each individual building type, in W/ft2. See Section 32-6.5.
    Interior unit lighting power allowance -- system performance: the allotted interior lighting power for each individual, space, area or activity in a building, in W/ft2. See Section 32-6.6.
    Lamp efficacy: the quotient of the total luminous flux divided by the total lamp power input, expressed in lumens per watt.
    Lighting power budget (LPB): the lighting power, in watts, allowed for an interior area/activity.
    Lighting power control credit (LPCC): the amount of interior connected lighting power which may be added to the interior lighting power allowance for lights in a space that are turned off or dimmed by automatic control devices.
    Listed space area (LS): any interior space with identified area of activities for which a lighting power budget is calculated and listed in the lighting power limit determination.
    Low-rise residential building. See residential building, low-rise.
    Lumen (lm): SI unit of luminous flux. Radiometrically, it is determined from the radiant power. Photometrically, it is the luminous flux emitted within a unit solid angle (one steradian) by a point source having a uniform luminous intensity of one candela.
    Lumen maintenance control: a device that senses the illumination level and causes an increase/decrease of illuminance to maintain a preset illumination level.
    Luminaire: a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps, and to connect the lamps to the power supply.
    Luminaire efficiency: the ratio of luminous flux (lumens) emitted by a luminaire to that emitted by the lamp or lamps used therein.
    Manual (nonautomatic): action requiring personal intervention for its control. As applied to an electric controller, nonautomatic control does not necessarily imply a manual controller, but only that personal intervention is necessary. See automatic.
    Marked rating: the design load operating conditions of a device as shown by the manufacturer on the nameplate or otherwise marked on the device.
    Motor efficiency, minimum: the minimum efficiency occurring in a population of motors of the same manufacturer and rating.
    Motor efficiency, nominal: the median efficiency occurring in a population of motors of the same manufacturer and rating.
    North: surfaces that face within 45 degrees from true north.
    Occupancy sensor: a device that detects the presence or absence of people within an area and causes lighting, equipment, and/or appliances to be adjusted accordingly.
    Opaque areas: all exposed areas of a building envelope except fenestration areas and building service system openings such as vents and grilles.
    Orientation: the directional placement of a building on a building site with reference to the building's longest horizontal axis, or if there is no longest horizontal axis, then with reference to the designated main entrance.
    Outdoor air (outside air): air taken from the outdoors and therefore not previously circulated through the system. See also ventilation air.
    Overhang: a fixed, external construction which shades vertical fenestration from direct sunlight. It is positioned above the vertical fenestration system and extends horizontally to both edges of the window. Fixed awnings qualify as overhangs. See projection factor.
    Ozone depletion factor: a relative measure of the potency of chemicals in depleting stratospheric ozone. The ozone depletion factor potential depends upon the chlorine and the bromine content and atmospheric lifetime of the chemical. The depletion factor potentials are normalized such that the factor for CFC-11 is set equal to unity and the factors for the other chemicals indicate their potential relative to CFC-11.
    Packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC): a factory- selected wall sleeve and separate unencased combination of heating and cooling components, assemblies or sections, intended for mounting through the wall to serve a single room or zone. It includes heating capability by hot water, steam, or electricity.
    Packaged terminal heat pump: a PTAC capable of using the refrigeration system in a reverse cycle or heat pump mode to provide heat.
    Piping: a system for conveying fluids, including pipes, valves, strainers, and fittings.
    Plenum: an enclosure that is part of the air handling system and is distinguished by having a very low air velocity. A plenum often is formed in part or in total by portions of the building.
    Power: in connection with machines, power is the time rate of doing work. In connection with the transmission of energy of all types, power refers to the rate at which energy is transmitted. In inch-pound units, it is measured in watts (W) or British thermal units per hour (Btu/h).
    Power adjustment factor (PAF): a modifying factor that adjusts the effective connected lighting power (CLP) of a spaceto account for the use of energy conserving lighting control devices.
    Power factor: the ratio of total watts to the root-mean- square (RMS) volt amperes.
    Prescribed assumption: a fixed value of an input to the standard calculation procedure.
    Private driveways, walkways, and parking lots: exterior transit areas that are associated with a commercial or residential building and intended for use solely by the employees or tenants and not by the general public.
    Process energy: energy consumed in support of a manufacturing, industrial, or commercial process, other than the maintenance of comfort and amenities for the occupants of a building.
    Process load: the calculated or measured time-integrated load on a building resulting from the consumption or release of process energy.
    Projection factor (PF): the ratio of the overhang horizontal projection (from the fenestration surface) to the distance between the bottom of the window and the bottom outer edge of the overhang.
    Proposed design: a prospective design for a building that is to be evaluated for compliance.
    Public driveways, walkways, and parking lots: exterior transit areas that are intended for use by the general public.
    Public facility rest room: a rest room used by the transient public.
    Qualified person: one familiar with the construction and operation of the equipment and the hazards involved.
    Radiant barrier: a sheet of material with a low emissivity on at least one side which is used to reduce radiant heat transfer.
    Readily accessible: capable of being reached quickly for operation, renewal, or inspections, without requiring those to whom ready access is requisite to climb over or remove obstacles or to resort to portable ladders, chairs, and so on. See also accessible.
    Recooling: lowering the temperature of air that has been previously heated by a heating system.
    Recovered energy: energy utilized which would otherwise be wasted (not contributing to a desired end use) from an energy utilization system.
    Reference building: a specific building design that has the same form, orientation and basic systems as the proposed design and meets all the criteria of the prescriptive compliance method.
    Reflectance: the ratio of the light reflected by a surface to the light incident upon it.
    Reflectance factor: the ratio of the radiant (or luminous) flux reflected in directions delimited to that reflected in the same directions by perfect reflecting diffusers identically irradiated (or illuminated).
    Reheating: raising the temperature of air that has been previously cooled either by a refrigeration or an economizer system.
    Reset: adjustment of the controller set point to a higher or lower value automatically or manually.
    Residential building, high-rise: multi-family dwelling units of four stories or more of habitable space above grade as well as all hotels and motels.
    Residential building, low-rise: multi-family dwelling units of three stories or fewer of habitable space above grade as well as all single- and two-family dwellings.
    Retail establishments. For the purpose of determining lighting power limit, retail establishments are grouped into the following types:
    (1)    Type A: Jewelry merchandising, where minute examination of displayed merchandise is critical.
    (2)    Type B: Fine Merchandising. Fine apparel and accessories, china, crystal and silver, art galleries, etc., where the displayed quality and examination of merchandise is important.
    (3)    Type C: Mass Merchandising. General apparel, variety, stationery, books, sporting goods, hobby, cameras, gifts, luggage, etc., displayed in a warehouse-type of building, where focused display and detailed examination of merchandise is important.
    (4)    Type D: General Merchandising. General apparel, variety, stationery, books, sporting goods, hobby, cameras, gifts, luggage, etc., displayed in a department store-type of building, where general display and examination of merchandise is adequate.
    (5)    Type E: Food and Miscellaneous. Bakeries, hardware and housewares, grocery, appliances and furniture, etc., where appetizing appearance is important.
    (6)    Type F: Service Establishments. Establishments where functional performance is important.
    Roof: those portions of the building envelope including all opaque surfaces, fenestration, doors, and hatches which are above enclosed space and which are horizontal or tilted at less than 60 degrees from horizontal. See also walls.
    Room air conditioner: an encased assembly designed as a unit to be mounted in a window or through a wall, or as a console. It is designed primarily to provide free delivery of conditioned air to an enclosed space, room, or zone. It includes a prime source of refrigeration for cooling and dehumidification and means for circulating and cleaning air, and may also include means for ventilating and heating.
    Room area (Ar): for lighting power determination purpose, the area of a room or space shall be determined from the inside face of the walls or partitions measured at work plane height.
    Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER): the total cooling output of an air conditioner during its normal annual usage period for cooling, in Btu, divided by the total electric energy input during the same period, in watt-hours, as determined by the Code of Federal Regulations 10 CFR, Part 430, U. S. Department of Energy.
    Sequence: a consecutive series of operations.
    Service systems: all energy-using or distributing components in a building that are operated to support the occupant or process functions housed therein, including HVAC, service water heating, illumination, transportation, cooking or food preparation, laundering or similar functions.
    Service water heating: the supply of hot water for purposes other than comfort heating and process requirements.
    Service water heating demand: the maximum design rate of water withdrawal from a service water heating system in a designated period of time (usually an hour or a day).
    Shading coefficient: the ratio of solar heat gain through fenestration to that occurring through unshaded 1/8 inch thick clear double strength glass.
    Shading coefficient of exterior shading device (SCext): the ratio of solar heat gain through the exterior shading device alone of any fenestration system to that occurring through unshaded 1/8 inch thick clear double strength glass.
    Shading coefficient of glass alone (SCglz): the ratio of solar heat gain through the glass alone of any fenestrationsystem to that occurring through unshaded 1/8 inch thick clear double strength glass.
    Shall: where shall is used with a special provision, that provision is mandatory if compliance with the code is claimed.
    Shell building: a building for which the envelope is designed and/or constructed prior to knowing the occupancy type. See also speculative building.
    Sidefin: a fixed external construction which shades vertical fenestration from direct sunlight. A sidefin projects outward from the building and runs vertically at least to the top and bottom of the window in order to block entry of sunlight from the side.
    Solar energy source: source of natural daylighting and of thermal, chemical, or electrical energy derived directly from conversion of incident solar radiation at the building site.
    South: surfaces that face within 45 degrees from true south.
    Speculative building: a building for which the envelope is designed and/or constructed prior to the design of the lighting and/or HVAC systems. A speculative building differs from a shell building in that the occupancy type is known for the speculative building. See also shell building.
    Standard calculation procedure: an energy simulation model and a set of input assumptions that account for the dynamic thermal performance of the building; it produces estimates of annual energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting and other uses.
    Sunscreen: an exterior shading device, generally located in a plane parallel to the fenestration system, that reduces solar gain through the fenestration.
    System: a combination of equipment and/or controls, accessories, interconnecting means, and terminal elements by which energy is transformed so as to perform a specific function, such as HVAC, service water heating, or illumination.
    Tandem wiring: pairs of luminaires operating with one lamp in each luminaire powered from a single two-lamp ballast contained in the other luminaire.
    Task lighting: lighting that provides illumination for visual tasks and is directed to a specific surface or area.
    Task location: an area of the space where significant visual tasks are performed and where lighting is required above and beyond that required for general ambient use.
    Task-ambient lighting: a combination of task lighting and ambient lighting within an area such that the general level of ambient lighting is lower than the task lighting.
    Terminal element: the means by which the transformed energy from a system is finally delivered, i.e., registers, diffusers, lighting fixtures, faucets, etc.
    Thermal conductance, C: the constant time rate of heat flow through unit area of a body induced by a unit temperature difference between the surfaces, Btu/ft2-h-°F or Btu/h-°F. It is the reciprocal of thermal resistance. See thermal resistance.
    Thermal mass wall insulation position:
    (1)    Exterior insulation position. A wall having all or nearly all of its mass exposed to the room air with the insulation on the exterior of that mass.
    (2)    Integral insulation position. A wall having mass exposed to both room and outside air, with substantially equal amounts of mass on the inside and outside of the insulation layer.
    (3)    Interior insulation position. A wall not meeting either of the above definitions, particularly a wall having most of its mass external to an insulation layer.
    Thermal mass: materials with mass heat capacity and surface area capable of affecting building loads by storing and releasing heat as the interior and/or exterior temperature and radiant conditions fluctuate. See also wall heat capacity.
    Thermal resistance, R: the reciprocal of thermal conductance; 1/C as well as 1/h, 1/U, h-ft2-°F/Btu.
    Thermal transmittance, overall (Uo): the gross overall (area weighted average) coefficient of heat transfer from air to air for a gross area of the building envelope, Btu/h-ft2-°F. The Uo value applies to the combined effect of the time rate of heat flows through the various parallel paths, such as windows, doors, and opaque construction areas, comprising the gross area of one or more building envelope components, such as walls, floors, or roof/ceiling.
    Thermal transmittance, U: the overall coefficient of heat transfer from air to air. It is the time rate of heat flow per unit area under steady conditions from the fluid on the warm side of the barrier to the fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the two fluids, Btu/h-ft2-°F.
    Thermostat: an automatic control device responsive to temperature.
    Total lighting power allowance: the calculated lighting power allowed for the interior and exterior space areas of a building or facility.
    Unconditioned space: space within a building that is not a conditioned space. See conditioned space.
    Unenclosed space. See enclosed space.
    Unit lighting power allowance: the allotted lighting power for each individual building type in W/ft2.
    Unit power density (UPD): the lighting power density, in W/ft2, of an area/activity.
    Unitary cooling equipment: one or more factory-made assemblies which normally include an evaporator or cooling coil, a compressor and condenser combination, and may include a heating function as well.
    Unitary heat pump: one or more factory-made assemblies which normally include an indoor conditioning coil, compressor(s) and outdoor coil or refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger, including means to provide both heating and cooling functions.
    Unlisted space: the difference in area between the gross lighted area and the sum of all listed spaces.
    Variable air volume (VAV) HVAC system: HVAC systems that control the dry-bulb temperature within a space by varying the volume of supply air to the space.
    Ventilation: the process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.
    Ventilation air: that portion of supply air which comes from outside (outdoors) plus any recirculated air that has been treated to maintain the desired quality of air within a designated space. See also outdoor air.
    Vertical glazing: glazing (such as a window) which stands within 30 degrees of vertical. Glazing which lies within 60 degrees of horizontal is considered horizontal glazing.
    Visual task: conventionally designates those details and objects that must be seen for the performance of a given activity, and includes the immediate background of the details or objects.
    Wall heat capacity: the sum of the products of the mass of each individual material in the wall per unit area of wall surface [lb/ft2] times its individual specific heat, [Btu/lb-°F]. Units [Btu/ft2-°F]. See thermal mass.
    Walls: those portions of the building envelope including all opaque surfaces, fenestration and doors, which are verticalor tilted at an angle of 60 degrees from horizontal or greater. See also roof.
    Watt, W: A unit of power. One watt is produced when one ampere, flows at an emf of one volt (unity power factor). See also power.
    West: surfaces that face within 45 degrees from true west.
    Window-to-wall ratio (WWR): The ratio of fenestration area to gross exterior wall area.
    Working space: includes offices, assembly rooms, classrooms, showrooms and similar spaces designed for extended human occupancy. Not included are bathrooms, hallways, storage closets, mechanical rooms, garages and portions of warehouses not used for regular human occupancy. See habitable space.
    Zone: a space or group of spaces within a building with heating, cooling, and/or lighting requirements sufficiently similar so that desired conditions can be maintained throughout by a single controlling device.
(Added by Ord. 94-75)

Table 3-1
Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols

Ao    Total building floor area
Aof    Area of all fenestration including glazed portions, sash, frames, etc.
Awall,roof,etc.    Area of a specific building component
ACP    Alternative Component Package
AF    Area Factor
AFUE    Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency
AHAM    Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers
AIA    American Institute of Architects
ALP    Adjusted Lighting Power
ANSI    American National Standards Institute
ARI    Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute
ASHRAE    American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ASME    American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM    American Society for Testing and Materials
BECONmi    Budget energy consumption by month (m) and fuel type (i)
BEF    Ballast Efficacy Factor
BF    Ballast Factor
BLPL    Building Lighting Power Limit
C    Thermal conductance
Cc    Cooling Criteria
Cl    External wall cooling compliance value for orientation
CDDXX    Cooling degree days, to a base temperature XX°F
CDD50    Cooling degree-days base 50°F
CDD65    Cooling degree-days base 65°F
CDHXX    Cooling degree hours, to a base temperature XX°F
CDH80    Cooling degree-hours base 80°F
CEEU    Cost Equivalent Energy Units
CFM    Cubic feet per minute
CLP    Connected Lighting Power
CMC    Mass correction factor for cooling
COP    Coefficient of Performance
CTI ATC    Cooling Tower Institute Acceptance Test Code
CTI STD    Cooling Tower Institute Standard for Certification of Water Cooling Tower Thermal Performance
CU    Coefficient of Utilization
db    drybulb (temperature)
DECONmi    Design energy consumption by month (m) and fuel type (i)
DECOS    Annual design energy cost
DOE    U. S. Department of Energy
DR    Average daily temperature range for warmest month
DS    Daylighting Sensing Controls
Ep    Equipment power, for envelope calculations
EA    Effective aperture fraction for zone under consideration
ECB    Annual energy cost budget
ECOSmi    Energy cost by month (m) and fuel type (i)
EER    Energy Efficiency Ratio
ELPA    Exterior Lighting Power Allowance
fc    footcandles
Fc    Wall area (opaque and glazed) of zone under consideration divided by total wall area (opaque and glazed) of all zones
Ff    Framing adjustment factor for sash, frames, etc., in fenestration assembly
Fo    Opaque wall area of zone under consideration divided by total wall area (opaque and glazed) of all zones
FLPL    Facility Lighting Power Limit
G    Effective internal gain (W/ft2) for zone under     consideration
GLA    Gross lighted area
H    Height from bottom of window to bottom of external shading projection
Hl    External wall heating compliance value for orientation
HC    Heat Capacity
H.I.    Hydronics Institute
HID    High Intensity Discharge
HMC    Mass correction factor for heating
HP    Horsepower
HPS    High Pressure Sodium
HSPF    Heating Seasonal Performance Factor
HVAC    Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
IEEE    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEPA    Interior Equipment Power Allowance
IES    Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
ILPA    Interior Lighting Power Allowance
IP    inch-pound units
IPLV    Integrated Part Load Value
IRF    Internal Reflecting Film
ISO    International Standards Organization
ISSC    Internal Shading System Coefficient
Kd    Daylighting adjustment factor
Kh    Daylighting factor
kVA    Kilovolt Amperes
Lp    Interior lighting power, for envelope calculations
LPB    Lighting Power Budget
LPCC    Lighting Power Control Credit
Mc    Mass correction factor
MG    Milligrams
NAECA    National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
NEMA    National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NFPA    National Fire Protection Association
OH    Overhang Multiplier
OLA    Occupant Load Adjustment
Pb    Base Unit Power Density
Pd    External shading projection depth
PAF    Power Adjustment Factor
PF    External shading projection factor
PTAC    Packaged terminal air conditioner
r    Thermal resistivity
R    Thermal resistance
Rc    The fraction of total lighting wattage within 15 feet of     an exterior wall on a given orientation that is controlled by automatic lighting controls. For example, if all such lights are so controlled, Rc = 1
Re    The equivalent resistance of the element containing the parallel heat flow path
Rh    Thermal resistance of insulation for heated slab on grade
Ri    The resistance of the ith envelope assembly
rt    Total resistivity of envelope assembly
Ru    Thermal resistance of insulation for unheated slab on grade

RAC    Room air conditioner
RHGF    Roof Heat Gain Factor
RLA    Required lighting adjustment
RLPA    Roads/Grounds Lighting Power Allowance
Sec    External shading projection factor adjustment, cooling
SC    Shading Coefficient
SCext    Shading coefficient of exterior shading device
SCglz    Shading coefficient of glazing
SCx    Same as SC, but excludes effect of external shading projections
SCOP    Seasonal Coefficient of Performance
SEER    Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
SI    Systeme International (metric units)
SWH    Service water heating
TEFC    Totally enclosed, fan cooled
Ug    Thermal transmittance of glazed portion of fenestration assembly
Ui    Thermal transmittance of each individual element of the envelope assembly
Uo    Overall thermal transmittance
Uof    Overall thermal transmittance of fenestration assembly
Uofl    Overall thermal transmittance of floor assembly
Uor    Overall thermal transmittance of roof assembly
Uow    Overall thermal transmittance of opaque wall
ULPA    Unit Lighting Power Allowance
UOC    Area average U-value of wall (opaque and glazed,
    evaluated under cooling conditions) in zone under
    consideration
UOH    Area average U-value of wall (opaque and glazed, evaluated under heating conditions) of zone under consideration
UPD    Unit Power Density
VAV    Variable air volume
VS    Annual average daily incident solar energy on facade under consideration, Btu/ft2/day
VSEW    Annual average daily incident solar energy on east or west orientation, Btu/ft2/day
VSN    Annual average daily incident solar energy on north orientation, Btu/ft2/day
VSS    Annual average daily incident solar energy on south orientation, Btu/ft2/day
VT    Transmittance of glazing material over visible portion of solar spectrum
W    Watts
Wh    Window height
WC    Water column
WCc    External wall cooling criteria
WWR    Window wall ratio
WWRc    Window wall ratio, cooling


(Added by Ord. 94-75; Am. Ord. 01-47)

Revised Ordinances